Multivariate Machine Learning Framework for Predicting Electrical Resistivity of Concrete Using Degree of Saturation and Pore-Structure Parameters

This study investigates the relationship between apparent electrical resistivity (ER) and key material parameters governing moisture and pore-structure characteristics of concrete. An experimental program was conducted using six concrete mix designs, where ER was continuously measured under controlled wetting and drying cycles to characterize its dependence on the degree of saturation (DS). Results confirmed that ER decreases exponentially with increasing DS across all mixtures, with R² values between 0.896 and 0.997, establishing DS as the dominant factor affecting electrical conduction. To incorporate additional pore-structure parameters, eight input combinations consisting of DS, porosity (P), water–cement ratio (WCR), and compressive strength (f′c) were evaluated using five machine learning models. Gaussian Process Regression and Neural Networks achieved the highest accuracy, particularly when all parameters were included. SHAP analysis revealed that DS accounts for the majority of predictive influence, while porosity and WCR provide secondary but meaningful contributions to ER behavior. Guided by these insights, nonlinear multivariate regression models were formulated, with the exponential model yielding the strongest predictive capability (R² = 0.96). The integrated experimental–computational approach demonstrates that ER is governed by moisture dynamics and pore-structure refinement, offering a physically interpretable and statistically robust framework for nondestructive durability assessment of concrete.