Effect of CdO on the Structural and Spectroscopic Properties of Germanium–Tellurite Glass
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. X-Ray Diffraction Analysis
3.2. Raman Spectroscopy
3.3. Raman Deconvolution
Band Label | Location (cm−1) | Band Assignment | References |
---|---|---|---|
A | 621–630 | Stretching modes of O-Te-O in TeO4 tbp units, and/or ring strain from Ge-O-Ge bending vibrations. | [35,36] |
B | 661–683 | Stretching modes of O-Te-O in TeO4 tbp units, antisymmetric vibrations of Te-O bonds in TeO4, TeO3+1 and TeO3 units. | [32,37,38,39,40] |
C | 705–709 | Assigned to the deformation modes of Ge atoms in the glassy network. | [37,41] |
D | 732 | Stretching vibration between tellurium and non-bridging oxygen (NBO) atoms. | [37,41] |
E | 754–764 | Asymmetric vibrations of Te-O-Te symmetric bridges in γ-TeO2, stretching vibrations from groups TeO3+1 and [TeO3]2− with three terminal oxygens. | [5,35,42,43,46,54] |
The peaks around 713 and 747 are assigned to stretching vibrations of TeO3/TeO3+1 unit. | [42] | ||
F | 810 | Characteristic band of γ-TeO2, short Te-O- bonds with NBOs form TeO4 units; LO split of the antisymmetric stretching vibrations into Q2 units. | [32,35,36,50] |
G | 830 | Could arise from that in Ge Q3-species. | [41] |
H | 856 | Assigned to the stretching vibrations of NBO in Q3 species (GeO4 with three bridging oxygen atoms). | [41,51] |
I | 889 | Stretching vibrations from Te=O in TeO3 isolated units, TO split of the antisymmetric stretching vibrations of Ge-O-Ge in Q3 units. | [35] |
3.4. XPS Analysis
3.5. Optical Absorption
3.6. Refractive Index
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
XPS | X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy |
IR | Infrared |
NIR | Near Infrared |
UV | Ultraviolet |
LEDs | Light-Emitting Diodes |
XRD | X-ray diffraction |
OA | Optical absorption |
NBOs | Non-bridging oxygen atoms |
FWHM | Full Width at Half Maximum |
BOs | Bridging oxygen atoms |
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Glass | Ge 3d | Cd | Te | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3d5/2 | 3d3/2 | 3d5/2 | 3d3/2 | |||||||
eV | FWHM | eV | FWHM | eV | FWHM | eV | FWHM | eV | FWHM | |
C50T40 | 32.4 | 2.24 | 405.2 | 1.65 | 411.9 | 1.70 | 573.1 | 2.13 | 583.5 | 2.28 |
576.2 | 1.65 | 586.6 | 1.79 | |||||||
C40T50 | 32.2 | 1.97 | 404.2 | 1.37 | 410.9 | 1.44 | 573.0 | 253 | 583.2 | 2.26 |
404.9 | 1.42 | 411.6 | 1.49 | 576 | 1.75 | 586.4 | 1.80 | |||
C30T60 | 32.5 | 2.44 | 405.1 | 1.51 | 411.8 | 1.6 | 573.3 | 2.13 | 583.75 | 2.31 |
576.2 | 1.81 | 586.6 | 1.72 | |||||||
C20T70 | 32.7 | 2.08 | 405.2 | 1.66 | 411.9 | 1.71 | 573.5 | 2.13 | 583.8 | 2.12 |
576.3 | 1.78 | 586.8 | 1.85 | |||||||
C10T80 | 33.2 | 5 | 405.85 | 1.75 | 412.6 | 1.71 | 573.85 | 2.02 | 584.25 | 2.21 |
575.8 | 2.02 | 586.2 | 2.10 | |||||||
577.3 | 1.80 | 587.75 | 1.92 |
Glass | Component | Binding Energy (eV) | FWHM (eV) | Area (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
C50T40 | OI OII | 530.4 531.9 | 1.96 1.97 | 75.9 24.1 |
C40T50 | OI OII | 530.3 531.8 | 1.78 1.63 | 89.0 11.0 |
C30T60 | OI OII | 530.6 532.5 | 2.13 2.03 | 80.7 19.3 |
C20T70 | OI OII | 530.7 532.0 | 1.96 1.78 | 76.9 23.1 |
C10T80 | OI OII | 530.6 531.5 | 1.99 3.23 | 15.0 85.0 |
Sample | (eV) | |
---|---|---|
C50T40 | 2.68 | 2.489 |
C40T50 | 2.87 | 2.432 |
C30T60 | 2.77 | 2.461 |
C20T70 | 2.33 | 2.605 |
C10T80 | 2.32 | 2.609 |
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Amaya, I.V.G.; Rodríguez Carvajal, D.A.; Alvarado-Rivera, J.; Lozada-Morales, R.; Santos-Munguía, P.C.; Reyes, J.J.P.; Hernández-Abril, P.; Limón Reynosa, G.A.; Zayas, M.E. Effect of CdO on the Structural and Spectroscopic Properties of Germanium–Tellurite Glass. Materials 2025, 18, 1739. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18081739
Amaya IVG, Rodríguez Carvajal DA, Alvarado-Rivera J, Lozada-Morales R, Santos-Munguía PC, Reyes JJP, Hernández-Abril P, Limón Reynosa GA, Zayas ME. Effect of CdO on the Structural and Spectroscopic Properties of Germanium–Tellurite Glass. Materials. 2025; 18(8):1739. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18081739
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmaya, Iveth Viridiana García, David Alejandro Rodríguez Carvajal, Josefina Alvarado-Rivera, R. Lozada-Morales, Paula Cristina Santos-Munguía, Juan José Palafox Reyes, Pedro Hernández-Abril, Gloria Alicia Limón Reynosa, and Ma. Elena Zayas. 2025. "Effect of CdO on the Structural and Spectroscopic Properties of Germanium–Tellurite Glass" Materials 18, no. 8: 1739. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18081739
APA StyleAmaya, I. V. G., Rodríguez Carvajal, D. A., Alvarado-Rivera, J., Lozada-Morales, R., Santos-Munguía, P. C., Reyes, J. J. P., Hernández-Abril, P., Limón Reynosa, G. A., & Zayas, M. E. (2025). Effect of CdO on the Structural and Spectroscopic Properties of Germanium–Tellurite Glass. Materials, 18(8), 1739. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18081739