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Materials
Volume 18
Issue 21
10.3390/ma18214879
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Femtosecond Laser Ablation of Copper-Hydroxyphosphate-Modified CFRP

by
Denys Baklan
1,*,
Oleksiy Myronyuk
1,
Anna Bilousova
1,
Paulius Šlevas
2,
Justinas Minkevičius
2,
Orestas Ulčinas
2,
Sergej Orlov
2 and
Egidijus Vanagas
2
1
Department of Chemical Technology of Composite Materials, Chemical Technology Faculty, Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute, Beresteiskyi Ave. 37, 03056 Kyiv, Ukraine
2
Coherent Optics Laboratory, Department of Optoelectronics, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio Ave. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Materials 2025, 18(21), 4879; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18214879 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 18 September 2025 / Revised: 21 October 2025 / Accepted: 23 October 2025 / Published: 24 October 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Advanced Composites)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) machining by ultrashort-pulse lasers promises high precision but is limited due to the heterogeneous epoxy–carbon fiber structure, which creates heat-affected zones and variable kerf quality. This work investigates synthesized copper hydroxyphosphate as a laser-absorbing additive to improve femtosecond (1030 nm) laser ablation of CFRP. Copper hydroxyphosphate particles were synthesized hydrothermally and incorporated into an epoxy matrix to produce single-ply CFRP laminates. Square patterns (0.5 × 0.5 mm) were ablated with a pulse energy of 0.5–16 μJ. Then, ablated volumes were profiled and materials characterized by SEM and EDS. In neat epoxy the copper additive reduced optimum ablation efficiency and decreased penetration depth, while producing smoother, less porous surfaces. In contrast, CFRP with copper hydroxyphosphate showed increased efficiency and higher penetration depth. SEM and EDS analyses indicate more uniform matrix removal and retention of resin residues on fibers. These results suggest that copper hydroxyphosphate acts as a local energy absorber that trades volumetric removal for improved surface quality in epoxy and enhances uniformity and process stability in CFRP femtosecond laser machining.
Keywords: CFRP; epoxy resin; carbon fiber; laser processing; cutting; ablation; copper hydroxyphosphate CFRP; epoxy resin; carbon fiber; laser processing; cutting; ablation; copper hydroxyphosphate

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MDPI and ACS Style

Baklan, D.; Myronyuk, O.; Bilousova, A.; Šlevas, P.; Minkevičius, J.; Ulčinas, O.; Orlov, S.; Vanagas, E. Femtosecond Laser Ablation of Copper-Hydroxyphosphate-Modified CFRP. Materials 2025, 18, 4879. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18214879

AMA Style

Baklan D, Myronyuk O, Bilousova A, Šlevas P, Minkevičius J, Ulčinas O, Orlov S, Vanagas E. Femtosecond Laser Ablation of Copper-Hydroxyphosphate-Modified CFRP. Materials. 2025; 18(21):4879. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18214879

Chicago/Turabian Style

Baklan, Denys, Oleksiy Myronyuk, Anna Bilousova, Paulius Šlevas, Justinas Minkevičius, Orestas Ulčinas, Sergej Orlov, and Egidijus Vanagas. 2025. "Femtosecond Laser Ablation of Copper-Hydroxyphosphate-Modified CFRP" Materials 18, no. 21: 4879. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18214879

APA Style

Baklan, D., Myronyuk, O., Bilousova, A., Šlevas, P., Minkevičius, J., Ulčinas, O., Orlov, S., & Vanagas, E. (2025). Femtosecond Laser Ablation of Copper-Hydroxyphosphate-Modified CFRP. Materials, 18(21), 4879. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18214879

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