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Article

Effects of Ar Ion Irradiation on Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of SA508 Grade 3 Class 1 and Class 2 Reactor Pressure Vessel Steels

1
Department of Nuclear Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
2
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Materials 2025, 18(19), 4601; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18194601
Submission received: 9 September 2025 / Revised: 27 September 2025 / Accepted: 28 September 2025 / Published: 3 October 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Metals and Alloys)

Abstract

This study investigates the effects of Ar ion irradiation on the mechanical properties and microstructure of SA508 Grade 3 Class 1 and Class 2 reactor pressure vessel steels. Three different fluence levels of Ar ion irradiation were applied to simulate accelerated irradiation damage conditions. Charpy impact and tensile tests conducted before and after irradiation showed no significant changes in bulk mechanical properties. Stopping and Range of Ions in Matter (SRIM) and Transport of Ions in Matter (TRIM) simulations revealed that Ar ion irradiation produces a shallow penetration depth of approximately 2.5 µm, highlighting the limitations of conventional macro-mechanical testing for evaluating irradiation effects in such a thin surface layer. To overcome this limitation, nano-indentation tests were performed, revealing a clear increase in indentation hardness after irradiation. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis using STEM–BF imaging confirmed a higher density of irradiation-induced defects in the irradiated specimens. The findings demonstrate that while macro-mechanical properties remain largely unaffected, micro-scale testing methods such as nano-indentation are essential for assessing irradiation-induced hardening in shallowly damaged layers, providing insight into the behavior of SA508 reactor pressure vessel steels under accelerated irradiation conditions.
Keywords: reactor pressure vessel steels; ion irradiation; mechanical tests; nanoindentation; transmission electron microscopy reactor pressure vessel steels; ion irradiation; mechanical tests; nanoindentation; transmission electron microscopy
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MDPI and ACS Style

Kim, H.-A.; Kim, M.; Choi, S.; Kim, S. Effects of Ar Ion Irradiation on Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of SA508 Grade 3 Class 1 and Class 2 Reactor Pressure Vessel Steels. Materials 2025, 18, 4601. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18194601

AMA Style

Kim H-A, Kim M, Choi S, Kim S. Effects of Ar Ion Irradiation on Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of SA508 Grade 3 Class 1 and Class 2 Reactor Pressure Vessel Steels. Materials. 2025; 18(19):4601. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18194601

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kim, Ho-A, Mincheol Kim, Sungjun Choi, and Sangtae Kim. 2025. "Effects of Ar Ion Irradiation on Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of SA508 Grade 3 Class 1 and Class 2 Reactor Pressure Vessel Steels" Materials 18, no. 19: 4601. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18194601

APA Style

Kim, H.-A., Kim, M., Choi, S., & Kim, S. (2025). Effects of Ar Ion Irradiation on Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of SA508 Grade 3 Class 1 and Class 2 Reactor Pressure Vessel Steels. Materials, 18(19), 4601. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18194601

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