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Volume 18
Issue 19
10.3390/ma18194482
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Predictive Correlation Between Hardness and Tensile Properties of Submerged Arc Welded API X70 Steel

by
Ali Lahouel
1,
Sameh Athmani
2,
Amel Sedik
2,
Adel Saoudi
2,
Regis Barille
3,*,
Lotfi Khezami
4,*,
Ahlem Guesmi
4 and
Mamoun Fellah
5
1
Surface Engineering Laboratory (L.I.S), Faculty of Sciences, Badji Mokhtar-Annaba University, P.O. Box 12, Annaba 23000, Algeria
2
Centre de Recherche Scientifique et Technique en Analyses Physico-Chimiques CRAPC, Zone Industrielle Bou-Ismail, BP 384, Tipaza 42001, Algeria
3
MOLTECH-Anjou, Université d′Angers/UMR CNRS 6200, 2 Bd Lavoisier, 49045 Angers, France
4
Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), P.O. Box 5701, Riyadh 11432, Saudi Arabia
5
Mechanical Engineering Department, Abbes Laghrour-Khenchela University, P.O. Box 1252, Khenchela 40004, Algeria
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Materials 2025, 18(19), 4482; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18194482 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 5 June 2025 / Revised: 8 September 2025 / Accepted: 18 September 2025 / Published: 25 September 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Welding Process Development for Metals and Steels: Numerical Analysis, Process Optimization, and Joint Performance)
Versions Notes

Abstract

This research investigates the statistical correlation between Vickers hardness and tensile properties of helical submerged arc welded high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) API X70 pipeline steel. Tensile tests were performed on cross-weld joints from 138 pipe specimens. Vickers hardness measurements were also conducted on 138 samples to evaluate the hardness distribution across the base metal, fusion zone, and heat-affected zone. Results show that the fusion zone exhibits the highest hardness, correlating with enhanced tensile strength (R2 = 82%). Linear regression models indicate that base metal hardness significantly influences yield strength (R2 = 71%), while moderate negative correlations exist with elongation (R2 = 54%). These findings suggest that hardness measurements can serve as a non-destructive predictive tool for tensile properties, improving weld quality and mechanical performance. This research provides empirical models that enhance the application of API X70 in critical engineering applications, improving pipeline safety and reliability.
Keywords: statistical modeling; correlation; Vickers hardness; tensile test; submerged arc welding; API X70 statistical modeling; correlation; Vickers hardness; tensile test; submerged arc welding; API X70

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MDPI and ACS Style

Lahouel, A.; Athmani, S.; Sedik, A.; Saoudi, A.; Barille, R.; Khezami, L.; Guesmi, A.; Fellah, M. Predictive Correlation Between Hardness and Tensile Properties of Submerged Arc Welded API X70 Steel. Materials 2025, 18, 4482. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18194482

AMA Style

Lahouel A, Athmani S, Sedik A, Saoudi A, Barille R, Khezami L, Guesmi A, Fellah M. Predictive Correlation Between Hardness and Tensile Properties of Submerged Arc Welded API X70 Steel. Materials. 2025; 18(19):4482. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18194482

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lahouel, Ali, Sameh Athmani, Amel Sedik, Adel Saoudi, Regis Barille, Lotfi Khezami, Ahlem Guesmi, and Mamoun Fellah. 2025. "Predictive Correlation Between Hardness and Tensile Properties of Submerged Arc Welded API X70 Steel" Materials 18, no. 19: 4482. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18194482

APA Style

Lahouel, A., Athmani, S., Sedik, A., Saoudi, A., Barille, R., Khezami, L., Guesmi, A., & Fellah, M. (2025). Predictive Correlation Between Hardness and Tensile Properties of Submerged Arc Welded API X70 Steel. Materials, 18(19), 4482. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18194482

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