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Volume 18
Issue 17
10.3390/ma18174183
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Article

The Influence of Heat Treatment Parameters on the Microstructure and Hardness of High-Chromium Alloy Steel X46Cr13

by
Natalia Przyszlak
* and
Tomasz Wróbel
Department of Foundry Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, 7 Towarowa Street, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Materials 2025, 18(17), 4183; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18174183
Submission received: 25 July 2025 / Revised: 25 August 2025 / Accepted: 28 August 2025 / Published: 5 September 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research and Development in the World Foundry Engineering: Materials, Properties and Applications—2nd Edition)
Versions Notes

Abstract

This study presents the results of research on the influence of heat treatment parameters—namely, temperature, holding time, and quenching medium (air, water, oil)—on the microstructure and hardness of high-chromium alloy steel X46Cr13. The research included hardening heat treatment of X46Cr13 steel, hardness measurements, and microstructural analysis using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), supported by EDS chemical composition analysis. Based on the conducted studies, it was found that increasing the austenitizing temperature and time results in higher hardness of the X46Cr13 high-chromium alloy steel, regardless of the quenching medium used. Due to the negligible influence of the quenching medium on the hardness of the steel under the analyzed heat treatment conditions, air hardening is recommended, as it reduces quenching-induced stresses compared to water quenching.
Keywords: high chromium steel; heat treatment; microstructure; hardness high chromium steel; heat treatment; microstructure; hardness

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MDPI and ACS Style

Przyszlak, N.; Wróbel, T. The Influence of Heat Treatment Parameters on the Microstructure and Hardness of High-Chromium Alloy Steel X46Cr13. Materials 2025, 18, 4183. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18174183

AMA Style

Przyszlak N, Wróbel T. The Influence of Heat Treatment Parameters on the Microstructure and Hardness of High-Chromium Alloy Steel X46Cr13. Materials. 2025; 18(17):4183. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18174183

Chicago/Turabian Style

Przyszlak, Natalia, and Tomasz Wróbel. 2025. "The Influence of Heat Treatment Parameters on the Microstructure and Hardness of High-Chromium Alloy Steel X46Cr13" Materials 18, no. 17: 4183. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18174183

APA Style

Przyszlak, N., & Wróbel, T. (2025). The Influence of Heat Treatment Parameters on the Microstructure and Hardness of High-Chromium Alloy Steel X46Cr13. Materials, 18(17), 4183. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18174183

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