Optimum Mix Design and Correlation Analysis of Pervious Concrete

Pervious concrete is challenged by the inherent trade-off between permeability and mechanical strength. This study presents a systematic optimization of its mix design to achieve a balance between these properties. Single-factor experiments and an L₉(3³) orthogonal array test were employed to evaluate the effects of target porosity (14–26%), water–cement ratio (0.26–0.34), sand rate (0–10%), and VMA dosage (0–0.02%). Additionally, Spearman rank correlation analysis and nonlinear regression fitting were utilized to develop quantitative relationships correlating the measured porosity to material performance. The results revealed that increasing target porosity enhances permeability but reduces compressive and splitting tensile strengths. The optimal water-to-cement ratio (w/c) was found to be 0.32, balancing both permeability and strength. An appropriate sand content of 6% improved mechanical properties, while a VMA dosage of 0.01% effectively enhanced bonding strength and workability. The orthogonal experiment identified the optimal mix ratio as a w/c ratio of 0.3, VMA dosage of 0.12%, target porosity of 14%, and sand content of 7%, achieving a compressive strength at 28-days of 43.5 MPa and a permeability coefficient of 2.57 mm·s⁻¹. Empirical relationships for the permeability coefficient and mechanical properties as functions of the measured porosity were derived, demonstrating a positive exponential correlation between the measured porosity and the permeability coefficient, and a negative correlation with compressive and splitting tensile strengths. This research provides a systematic framework for designing high-performance pervious concrete with balanced permeability and mechanical properties, offering valuable insights for its development and application in green infrastructure projects.