Mechanical Behavior and Microstructure Evaluation of Quicklime-Activated Cement Kiln Dust-Slag Binder Pastes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Preparation of the Specimens
2.3. Experimental Methods
2.3.1. Flowability and Setting Time
2.3.2. Unconfined Compression Test
2.3.3. Hydration Product Tests
- The mineral composition of the CKD and binder pastes were analyzed using XRD (XRD instrument model: Rigaku Ultima IV and 1.5418 Å wavelength). The parameters set during the tests had a 0.02 °C step size with a test interval ranging from 10° to 80° and a scan speed of 2°/min.
- The mass changes of reaction products at various temperatures were measured using the TGA (TGA instrument model: TGA/DSC-1, Mettler Toledo, Greifensee, Switzerland) method. The heating temperatures were increased from 30 °C to 1000 °C at a rate of 10 °C/min, and the heating atmosphere was nitrogen. The DTG results were derived from the first derivative of the weight loss data.
- FTIR was used to obtain information regarding the molecular structure and chemical bonds of the materials, and the wavenumber range for sample collection was 400 cm−1 to 4000 cm−1 (FTIR instrument model: Nicolet 10, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Dreieich, Germany).
- The morphology of the hydration product was captured by SEM (SU-70, Hitachi High-tech Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) after 5000 times magnification, and their basic composition was studied by EDS (AZtec, Oxford instruments, Abingdon, UK).
3. Results
3.1. Flowability and Setting Time
3.2. Unconfined Compressive Strength
3.3. XRD Analysis
3.4. TG Analysis
3.5. FTIR Analysis
3.6. SEM-EDS
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Element | CKD | Slag | Quicklime |
---|---|---|---|
Dv(10) 1 | 4.37 | 1.14 | 0.60 |
Dv(50) | 34.20 | 9.89 | 1.98 |
Dv(90) | 87.11 | 24.89 | 45.40 |
D(3,2) 2 | 7.34 | 3.46 | 1.48 |
D(4,3) 3 | 40.98 | 11.68 | 13.08 |
Chemical Composition | CaO | SiO2 | Al2O3 | MgO | Fe2O3 | K2O | Na2O | SO3 | LOI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CKD | 83.20 | 6.21 | 0.61 | 0.13 | 6.36 | 1.20 | 0.14 | 0.95 | 23.65 |
Slag | 68.22 | 12.61 | 5.95 | 3.85 | 2.05 | 0.62 | 0.21 | 0.80 | 1.32 |
Quicklime | 98.21 | 0.18 | 0.10 | 1.03 | 0.40 | - | - | 0.08 | 8.37 |
ID | Quicklime (%) | CKD (%) | Slag (%) | W/B Ratio | Flow (mm) | Initial Setting Time (min) | Final Setting Time (min) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A2 | 5 | 19 | 76 | 0.53 | 203 | 235 | 385 |
A3 | 5 | 29 | 66 | 0.51 | 200 | 255 | 400 |
A4 | 5 | 38 | 57 | 0.49 | 198 | 275 | 425 |
A5 | 5 | 48 | 47 | 0.48 | 201 | 240 | 380 |
A6 | 5 | 57 | 38 | 0.46 | 206 | 295 | 415 |
A7 | 5 | 67 | 28 | 0.44 | 200 | 285 | 420 |
A8 | 5 | 76 | 19 | 0.41 | 197 | 320 | 465 |
B2 | 10 | 18 | 72 | 0.56 | 201 | 195 | 350 |
B3 | 10 | 27 | 63 | 0.54 | 203 | 175 | 330 |
B4 | 10 | 36 | 54 | 0.52 | 198 | 230 | 380 |
B5 | 10 | 45 | 45 | 0.51 | 200 | 245 | 370 |
B6 | 10 | 54 | 36 | 0.49 | 202 | 255 | 380 |
B7 | 10 | 63 | 27 | 0.48 | 199 | 245 | 360 |
B8 | 10 | 72 | 18 | 0.46 | 203 | 280 | 430 |
C2 | 15 | 17 | 68 | 0.57 | 204 | 165 | 325 |
C3 | 15 | 26 | 59 | 0.55 | 202 | 170 | 340 |
C4 | 15 | 34 | 51 | 0.54 | 200 | 150 | 320 |
C5 | 15 | 43 | 42 | 0.52 | 198 | 215 | 345 |
C6 | 15 | 51 | 34 | 0.51 | 201 | 200 | 300 |
C7 | 15 | 60 | 25 | 0.49 | 203 | 230 | 360 |
C8 | 15 | 68 | 17 | 0.48 | 200 | 250 | 405 |
D2 | 20 | 16 | 64 | 0.59 | 200 | 145 | 295 |
D3 | 20 | 24 | 56 | 0.57 | 202 | 130 | 280 |
D4 | 20 | 32 | 48 | 0.55 | 199 | 180 | 325 |
D5 | 20 | 40 | 40 | 0.54 | 201 | 195 | 315 |
D6 | 20 | 48 | 32 | 0.52 | 203 | 170 | 300 |
D7 | 20 | 56 | 24 | 0.51 | 201 | 215 | 360 |
D8 | 20 | 64 | 16 | 0.50 | 202 | 230 | 375 |
Wavenumber (cm−1) | Forms | Characteristic |
---|---|---|
840–900 | Q0Si | Four non-bridge oxygen in [SiO4] |
900–950 | Q1Si | Three non-bridge oxygen in [SiO4] |
950–1030 | Q2Si | Two non-bridge oxygen in [SiO4] |
1030–1120 | Q3Si | One non bridge oxygen in [SiO4] |
1120–1300 | Q4Si | Completely polymerized [SiO4] |
ID | Region | Elements (Atomic (%)) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ca | Si | Al | Na | S | Ca/Si | Ca/Al | Si/Al | ||
A4 | Spot 1 | 35.00 | 4.40 | 1.76 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 7.95 | 19.89 | 2.50 |
Spot 2 | 31.26 | 13.7 | 4.14 | 1.24 | 0.00 | 2.28 | 7.55 | 3.31 | |
B2 | Spot 1 | 17.23 | 10.15 | 4.59 | 1.69 | 1.76 | 1.70 | 3.75 | 2.21 |
Spot 2 | 16.04 | 9.67 | 6.05 | 1.9 | 1.16 | 1.66 | 2.65 | 1.60 | |
B6 | Spot 1 | 19.84 | 14.33 | 3.98 | 0.94 | 1.01 | 1.38 | 4.98 | 3.60 |
Spot 2 | 16.14 | 10.21 | 4.95 | 0.96 | 0.98 | 1.58 | 3.26 | 2.06 | |
B8 | Spot 1 | 32.65 | 13.11 | 0.65 | 0.00 | 0.88 | 2.49 | 50.23 | 20.17 |
Spot 2 | 18.37 | 9.06 | 1.47 | 0.89 | 1.53 | 2.03 | 12.50 | 6.16 | |
D6 | Spot 1 | 34.74 | 2.15 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.74 | 16.16 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Spot 2 | 40.57 | 2.72 | 1.94 | 0.00 | 0.65 | 14.92 | 20.91 | 1.40 |
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Hu, M.; Dong, T.; Cui, Z.; Li, Z. Mechanical Behavior and Microstructure Evaluation of Quicklime-Activated Cement Kiln Dust-Slag Binder Pastes. Materials 2024, 17, 1253. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17061253
Hu M, Dong T, Cui Z, Li Z. Mechanical Behavior and Microstructure Evaluation of Quicklime-Activated Cement Kiln Dust-Slag Binder Pastes. Materials. 2024; 17(6):1253. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17061253
Chicago/Turabian StyleHu, Minhui, Tianwen Dong, Zhenglong Cui, and Zhuo Li. 2024. "Mechanical Behavior and Microstructure Evaluation of Quicklime-Activated Cement Kiln Dust-Slag Binder Pastes" Materials 17, no. 6: 1253. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17061253