In-Depth Insight into the Effects of Steel Slag and Calcium Hydroxide on the Properties of a Fly Ash–Red Mud Geopolymer
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Sample Preparation
2.3. Test Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Raw Material Analysis
3.2. Mechanical Property Analysis
3.3. XRD Analysis
3.4. FTIR Analysis
3.5. TG-DTG Analysis
3.6. Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry (MIP) Analysis
3.7. SEM-EDS Analysis
4. Conclusions
- Both SS substitution of partial RM and Ca(OH)2 incorporation increased the compressive strength of the matrix at all ages. When one of the factors is considered separately, the incorporation of Ca(OH)2 is more obvious than that of SS to replace part of the RM to improve the mechanical properties of the FA-RM geopolymer. When SS replaces 50% RM and 4% Ca(OH)2 is added, the 28 d compressive strength of the prepared geopolymer material reaches 30.6 MPa.
- The results of XRD, FTIR, TG-DTG, and SEM-EDS analysis demonstrated that both SS replacing part of the RM and Ca(OH)2 incorporation could promote the formation of more C(N)-A-S-H and C-S-H gels in the FA-based polymer matrix, as well as optimize the pore structure and reduce the porosity, which could significantly increase the compressive strength of the matrix.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Samples | SS | RM | FA | NaOH Pellet | Sodium Silicate | Ca(OH)2 | Sand | Water |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FR | 0 | 225 | 225 | 18.83 | 141.49 | 0 | 1350 | 79.91 |
FSR | 112.5 | 112.5 | 225 | 18.83 | 141.49 | 0 | 1350 | 79.91 |
CFR | 0 | 225 | 225 | 18.83 | 141.49 | 18 | 1350 | 79.91 |
CFSR | 112.5 | 112.5 | 225 | 18.83 | 141.49 | 18 | 1350 | 79.91 |
Binder | SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | MgO | CaO | Na2O | K2O | SO3 | TiO2 | MnO | Other |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FA | 48.47 | 21.11 | 8.40 | 2.11 | 9.15 | 0.74 | 0.98 | \ | 0.81 | 0.09 | 8.14 |
RM | 13.49 | 20.39 | 30.58 | 0.32 | 15.82 | 9.15 | 0.19 | 0.66 | 7.80 | \ | 1.6 |
SS | 26.95 | 5.66 | 24.15 | 5.33 | 29.67 | 0.09 | 0.08 | \ | 0.57 | 5.39 | 2.11 |
Samples | Total Pore Volume (mL/g) | Average Pore Diameter (nm) | Porosity (%) | Pore Size Distribution (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
<20 nm | 20–50 nm | >50 nm | ||||
FSR | 0.31 | 37.23 | 42.82 | 10.63 | 48.79 | 40.58 |
CFR | 0.29 | 19.07 | 41.98 | 39.72 | 29.99 | 30.29 |
CFSR | 0.25 | 14.99 | 39.52 | 48.67 | 38.18 | 13.15 |
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Wang, P.; Chen, P.; Ming, Y.; Li, Q.; Dong, X. In-Depth Insight into the Effects of Steel Slag and Calcium Hydroxide on the Properties of a Fly Ash–Red Mud Geopolymer. Materials 2024, 17, 1249. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17061249
Wang P, Chen P, Ming Y, Li Q, Dong X. In-Depth Insight into the Effects of Steel Slag and Calcium Hydroxide on the Properties of a Fly Ash–Red Mud Geopolymer. Materials. 2024; 17(6):1249. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17061249
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Penghuai, Ping Chen, Yang Ming, Qing Li, and Xuanxuan Dong. 2024. "In-Depth Insight into the Effects of Steel Slag and Calcium Hydroxide on the Properties of a Fly Ash–Red Mud Geopolymer" Materials 17, no. 6: 1249. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17061249