Dynamic Mechanical Properties and Damage Morphology Analysis of Concrete with Different Aggregates Based on FDM-DEM Coupling
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Experiment
2.1. Specimen Preparation and Basic Mechanical Properties
2.2. SHPB Test Results
3. Numerical Simulation
3.1. Numerical Modeling
3.2. Microscopic Parameter Calibration
4. Results and Analysis
4.1. Model Validation
- (1)
- Elastic growth stage. In the initial stage, there is an approximately linear relationship between stress and strain; the stress increases rapidly with the increase of strain, and the slope under the strain rate is similar in all groups; the concrete is in the elastic deformation stage at this stage, the stress inside the specimen gradually begins to homogenize, and the deformation is mainly dependent on the deformation of the cement mortar and aggregate inside the concrete. With the gradual increase of strain rate, the slope of the initial section of the curve increases but is not obvious, indicating that the elastic modulus is unaffected by the strain rate at this stage.
- (2)
- Elastic-plastic deformation stage. With the increasing stress, close to the peak stress point, the stress and strain no longer have a linear relationship; the concrete began to enter the elastic-plastic deformation stage, and the internal pores and cracks began to be extruded, with the continuous expansion of micro-cracks, the concrete produces an irrecoverable deformation, the slope of the curve is a nonlinear decrease in the strain rate, the higher, the greater the peak stress and the peak strain of the concrete. When the peak stress is reached, the concrete is extruded into a dense state, at which time the stress of the concrete reaches the maximum value.
- (3)
- Plastic damage stage. When the peak stress is reached, the concrete reaches the ultimate yield strength, and new cracks are constantly generated within the concrete and rapidly extend and expand to form the damaged surface; these cracks do not have sufficient time to complete the process of re-squeezing, at this time, the stress drops rapidly, the strain continues to increase, the concrete appears to be brittle damage, and the stress-strain curve shows a rapid downward trend.
4.2. Strain Rate Effect
4.3. Damage Patterns
4.4. Crack Evolution Analysis
4.5. Analysis of Contact Anisotropy and High Stress Distribution in Specimens
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- Limonite concrete and lead-zinc ore concrete showed a significant strain rate strengthening effect, with peak stress and peak strain increasing with increasing strain rate. The stress-strain curves of the two types of concrete show a similar trend, and the relationship between DIF and strain rate is consistent with the overall existing research pattern. The DIF and dynamic compressive strength growth of lead-zinc ore concrete was greater than that of limonite concrete, and the strain rate sensitivity of lead-zinc ore concrete was stronger than that of limonite concrete.
- (2)
- By constructing a three-dimensional numerical model, the stress-strain curve, damage pattern, and high stress distribution of concrete under dynamic loading can be in good agreement with the test results. The model reproduces the whole damage process of concrete specimens from a microscopic point of view, thus verifying the feasibility and validity of the simulation.
- (3)
- Based on the built-in Python language module of the PFC, a program was written to carry out the parameter calibration process using unconfined uniaxial compression as the unit test. The relative errors of the compressive strength and modulus of elasticity obtained from the calibration with the test values are within 1%, which proves the effectiveness of the automatic calibration procedure for the microscopic parameters. The program greatly simplifies the calibration process of microscopic parameters and improves the computational efficiency.
- (4)
- The degree of destruction of the specimens during the impact of the two types of concrete increased with the increase in strain rate. As the strain rate increases, the damage pattern of concrete evolves from destruction into large pieces to destruction into small pieces and then to destruction into powder. Concrete cracks first appeared at the junction of the specimen and the compression bar, and with the compaction of the specimen, cracks were generated inside the specimen, and eventually, the internal and external cracks extended and intersected with each other until destruction.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Performance Indicators | Specimen Type | |
---|---|---|
Limonite | Lead-Zinc Ore | |
Compressive strength/MPa | 42.4 | 44.4 |
Elastic modulus/GPa | 33.13 | 36.3 |
Specimen Diameter (mm) | Specimen Height (mm) | Particle Radius (mm) | Particle Density (kg/m3) | Initial Porosity | Initial Damping Factor |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
100 | 50 | 0.8~1.4 | 2800 | 0.35 | 0.3 |
Rod | Length (mm) | Diameter (mm) | Elastic Modulus (GPa) | Density (kg/m3) | Poisson’s Ratio |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bullet | 600 | 100 | 190.3 | 7650 | 0.3 |
Incident rod | 5000 | ||||
Transmissive rod | 5000 |
Category | Compressive Strength | Elastic Modulus | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Experimental Value/MPa | Simulated Value/MPa | Inaccuracy/% | Experimental Value/MPa | Simulated Value /MPa | Inaccuracy/% | |
Limonite Concrete | 42.4 | 42.555 | 0.366 | 33.13 | 33.142 | 0.036 |
Lead-Zinc Ore Concrete | 44.4 | 44.616 | 0.486 | 36.3 | 36.233 | 0.185 |
Microscopic Parameters | Aggregate Types | |
---|---|---|
Limonite | Lead-Zinc Ore | |
emod (Effective modulus/GPa) | 0.296 | 0.324 |
kratio (Normal-Shear Stiffness Ratio) | 1.5 | 1.5 |
fric (coefficient of friction) | 0.1 | 0.1 |
Microscopic Parameters | Aggregate Types | |
---|---|---|
Limonite | Lead-Zinc Ore | |
pb_emod (Effective modulus of bond/GPa) | 2.96 | 3.24 |
pb_kratio (Bond normal-shear stiffness ratio) | 1.5 | 1.5 |
pb_coh (bonding cohesion/MPa) | 15.6 | 16.5 |
pb_ten (bonding tensile strength/MPa) | 42 | 44.4 |
pb_fa (angle of internal friction of cementation) | 50 | 50 |
Category | Strain Rate | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
52.71 s−1 | 74.8 s−1 | 107.5 s−1 | 128.7 s−1 | |
Experimental | ||||
Simulation |
Category | Strain Rate | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
19.19 s−1 | 41.84 s−1 | 53.12 s−1 | 65.72 s−1 | |
Experimental | ||||
Simulation |
Category | 20% Peak Stress | 40% Peak Stress | 60% Peak Stress | 80% Peak Stress | Peak Stress | Damage |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Limonite Concrete (strain rate-52.7 s−1) | ||||||
Lead-Zinc Ore Concrete (strain rate-53.12 s−1) |
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Liu, K.; Chen, Z.; Tao, Q.; Wu, D.; Wu, Q.; Zou, P.; Wang, M.; Li, Y. Dynamic Mechanical Properties and Damage Morphology Analysis of Concrete with Different Aggregates Based on FDM-DEM Coupling. Materials 2024, 17, 5804. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17235804
Liu K, Chen Z, Tao Q, Wu D, Wu Q, Zou P, Wang M, Li Y. Dynamic Mechanical Properties and Damage Morphology Analysis of Concrete with Different Aggregates Based on FDM-DEM Coupling. Materials. 2024; 17(23):5804. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17235804
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Kaixuan, Zhenfu Chen, Qiuwang Tao, Dan Wu, Qiongfang Wu, Pinyu Zou, Minghui Wang, and Yangzi Li. 2024. "Dynamic Mechanical Properties and Damage Morphology Analysis of Concrete with Different Aggregates Based on FDM-DEM Coupling" Materials 17, no. 23: 5804. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17235804
APA StyleLiu, K., Chen, Z., Tao, Q., Wu, D., Wu, Q., Zou, P., Wang, M., & Li, Y. (2024). Dynamic Mechanical Properties and Damage Morphology Analysis of Concrete with Different Aggregates Based on FDM-DEM Coupling. Materials, 17(23), 5804. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17235804