Effect of Cement Type and Water-to-Cement Ratio on Fresh Properties of Superabsorbent Polymer-Modified Cement Paste
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials
3. Method
3.1. Mix Proportions
3.2. Mix Procedure
3.3. Testing
3.3.1. Flowability
3.3.2. Stiffening
3.3.3. Rheology
4. Results
4.1. Flowability and Initial/Final Setting Time
4.2. Rheology
4.2.1. Viscosity
4.2.2. Shear Stress
4.2.3. Yield Stress
5. Conclusions
- Effect of SAP: The use of SAP in SAPCP blends worsened the fresh state properties of the blends due to the SAP absorbing water from the environment. For this reason, as a result of the use of SAP, the spreading table value and initial/final setting time decreased, and the viscosity value, the shear stress value and the yield stress value increased. As a result of the use of increasing amounts of SAP in SAPCP mixtures, the described negative situations became worse.
- Effect of water-to-cement ratio: The amount of water used in SAPCP mixtures affects the flow properties of the mixtures; increasing the w/c ratio resulted in increased spreading table value and initial/final setting time, and decreased viscosity value, shear stress value and yield stress value.
- Effect of cement type: The three cement types considered in this study have different chemical contents and different Blaine fineness values. As the fineness of the cements increased, the surface area of the cement grains increased. As a result, the water in the environment was absorbed more effectively by the cement grains and the fresh state properties of SAPCP were adversely affected. In addition, the effects of different chemical contents (especially SiO2, Al2O3 and CaO) in the chemical structure of cements on the fresh state were determined. Considering the oxide ratio values, it was determined that CEM IV cement had the highest SiO2/CaO and Al2O3/CaO ratios, and it was observed that the most unfavorable fresh state properties were often in the mixtures with the highest ratios. It has been suggested that a mixture design can be made by taking into account the oxide ratios and cement fineness.
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Mechtcherine, V.; Wyrzykowski, M.; Schröfl, C.; Snoeck, D.; Lura, P.; de Belie, N.; Mignon, A.; van Vlierberghe, S.; Klemm, A.J.; Almeida, F.C.R.; et al. Application of Super Absorbent Polymers (SAP) in Concrete Construction—Update of RILEM State-of-the-Art Report. Mater. Struct. 2021, 54, 80. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Senff, L.; Modolo, R.C.E.; Ascensão, G.; Hotza, D.; Ferreira, V.M.; Labrincha, J.A. Development of Mortars Containing Superabsorbent Polymer. Constr. Build. Mater. 2015, 95, 575–584. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ma, X.; Yuan, Q.; Liu, J.; Shi, C. Effect of Water Absorption of SAP on the Rheological Properties of Cement-Based Materials with Ultra-Low w/b Ratio. Constr. Build. Mater. 2019, 195, 66–74. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mechtcherine, V.; Secrieru, E.; Schröfl, C. Effect of Superabsorbent Polymers (SAPs) on Rheological Properties of Fresh Cement-Based Mortars—Development of Yield Stress and Plastic Viscosity over Time. Cem. Concr. Res. 2015, 67, 52–65. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Secrieru, E.; Mechtcherine, V.; Schröfl, C.; Borin, D. Rheological Characterisation and Prediction of Pumpability of Strain-Hardening Cement-Based-Composites (SHCC) with and without Addition of Superabsorbent Polymers (SAP) at Various Temperatures. Constr. Build. Mater. 2016, 112, 581–594. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yazdi, M.A.; Liebscher, M.; Hempel, S.; Yang, J.; Mechtcherine, V. Correlation of Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of Geopolymers Produced from Fly Ash and Slag at Room Temperature. Constr. Build. Mater. 2018, 191, 330–341. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Punurai, W.; Kroehong, W.; Saptamongkol, A.; Chindaprasirt, P. Mechanical Properties, Microstructure and Drying Shrinkage of Hybrid Fly Ash-Basalt Fiber Geopolymer Paste. Constr. Build. Mater. 2018, 186, 62–70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Erdoğan, T. Beton, 2nd ed.; METU Press: Ankara, Turkey, 2007; ISBN 975-7064-67-X. (In Turkish) [Google Scholar]
- Baradan, B.; Yazıcı, H.; Ün, H. Beton ve Betonarme Yapılarda Kalıcılık Durabilite; THBB: Chapel Hill, NC, USA, 2010; ISBN 975-92122-2-6. [Google Scholar]
- RILEM. Recommendation of RILEM TC 200-HTC: Mechanical Concrete Properties at High Temperatures—Modelling and Applications. Mater. Struct. 2007, 40, 855–864. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Malaszkiewicz, D. Influence of Polymer Fibers on Rheological Properties of Cement Mortars. Open Eng. 2017, 7, 228–236. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Cement Type | SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | CaO | MgO | SO3 | K2O | Na2O | Loss |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CEM IV/B (P) 32.5R | 33.98 | 8.44 | 3.59 | 36.74 | 1.77 | 2.48 | 2.09 | 0.64 | 5.47 |
CEM II/A-LL 42.5R | 18.79 | 4.87 | 3.15 | 60.63 | 2.64 | 2.95 | 0.76 | 0.34 | 10.47 |
CEM I 42.5R | 19.19 | 5.25 | 3.21 | 61.52 | 2.79 | 2.70 | 0.82 | 0.35 | 3.37 |
Blaine, cm2/g | Cum. passing sieve 120 μm | Cum. passing sieve 90 μm | Cum. passing sieve 45 μm | Cum. passing sieve 32 μm | |||||
CEM IV/B (P) 32.5R | 4358 | 100 | 98.56 | 45.18 | 6.96 | ||||
CEM II/A-LL 42.5R | 4655 | 100 | 97.23 | 44.63 | 8.07 | ||||
CEM I 42.5R | 3871 | 100 | 95.21 | 33.65 | 6.15 | ||||
SAP | - | 61.43 | 18.11 | 7.65 | 1.56 |
Notation | Water-to-Cement Ratio | Cement Type | Cement, g | Water, g | SAP, g |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
C1-4-S-0 | 0.40 | CEM I | 30 | 12 | 0 |
C1-4-S-25 | 30 | 12 | 0.075 | ||
C1-4-S-50 | 30 | 12 | 0.150 | ||
C1-4-S-75 | 30 | 12 | 0.225 | ||
C1-5-S-0 | 0.50 | 30 | 15 | 0 | |
C1-5-S-25 | 30 | 15 | 0.075 | ||
C1-5-S-50 | 30 | 15 | 0.150 | ||
C1-5-S-75 | 30 | 15 | 0.225 | ||
C2-4-S-0 | 0.40 | CEM II | 30 | 12 | 0 |
C2-4-S-25 | 30 | 12 | 0.075 | ||
C2-4-S-50 | 30 | 12 | 0.150 | ||
C2-4-S-75 | 30 | 12 | 0.225 | ||
C2-5-S-0 | 0.50 | 30 | 15 | 0 | |
C2-5-S-25 | 30 | 15 | 0.075 | ||
C2-5-S-50 | 30 | 15 | 0.150 | ||
C2-5-S-75 | 30 | 15 | 0.225 | ||
C4-4-S-0 | 0.40 | CEM IV | 30 | 12 | 0 |
C4-4-S-25 | 30 | 12 | 0.075 | ||
C4-4-S-50 | 30 | 12 | 0.150 | ||
C4-4-S-75 | 30 | 12 | 0.225 | ||
C4-5-S-0 | 0.50 | 30 | 15 | 0 | |
C4-5-S-25 | 30 | 15 | 0.075 | ||
C4-5-S-50 | 30 | 15 | 0.150 | ||
C4-5-S-75 | 30 | 15 | 0.225 |
Shear rate, rpm | 100 * | 100 | 80 | 60 | 40 | 20 | 10 | 5 | 2.5 | 1 |
Time, second | 60 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 |
Notation | Flow Diameter, (cm) | Initial Setting Time, (min) | Final Setting Time, (min) |
---|---|---|---|
C1-4-S-0 | 21 | 160 | 220 |
C1-4-S-25 | 19 | 150 | 210 |
C1-4-S-50 | 17 | 140 | 195 |
C1-4-S-75 | 14 | 125 | 180 |
C1-5-S-0 | 25 | 150 | 210 |
C1-5-S-25 | 23 | 140 | 205 |
C1-5-S-50 | 22 | 125 | 190 |
C1-5-S-75 | 20 | 105 | 165 |
C2-4-S-0 | 18 | 185 | 255 |
C2-4-S-25 | 17 | 175 | 245 |
C2-4-S-50 | 15 | 160 | 225 |
C2-4-S-75 | 13 | 140 | 205 |
C2-5-S-0 | 20 | 190 | 255 |
C2-5-S-25 | 19 | 180 | 245 |
C2-5-S-50 | 18 | 170 | 240 |
C2-5-S-75 | 16 | 155 | 225 |
C4-4-S-0 | 19 | 215 | 280 |
C4-4-S-25 | 18 | 195 | 260 |
C4-4-S-50 | 17 | 185 | 245 |
C4-4-S-75 | 15 | 170 | 240 |
C4-5-S-0 | 21 | 225 | 295 |
C4-5-S-25 | 19 | 210 | 285 |
C4-5-S-50 | 18 | 200 | 275 |
C4-5-S-75 | 16 | 185 | 240 |
Notation | Cement Type | SAP, % | ) | ) | R |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
C1-4-S0 | CEM I | 0 | 10.443 | 15.111 | 0.998 |
C1-4-S25 | 0.25 | 6.952 | 74.79 | 0.997 | |
C1-4-S50 | 0.5 | 9.818 | 206.1 | 0.987 | |
C1-4-S75 | 0.75 | −28.706 | 1414.8 | 0.930 | |
C1-5-S0 | 0 | 4.929 | 11.947 | 0.997 | |
C1-5-S-25 | 0.25 | 4.3437 | 53.978 | 0.996 | |
C1-5-S50 | 0.5 | 5.064 | 58.338 | 0.996 | |
C1-5-S75 | 0.75 | −40.819 | 1438.3 | 0.933 | |
C2-4-S0 | CEM II | 0 | 11.007 | 24.749 | 0.998 |
C2-4-S25 | 0.25 | 11.164 | 66.601 | 0.998 | |
C2-4-S50 | 0.5 | 11.142 | 135.13 | 0.996 | |
C2-4-S75 | 0.75 | −36.625 | 2585.4 | 0.961 | |
C2-5-S0 | 0 | 5.709 | 13.561 | 0.989 | |
C2-5-S-25 | 0.25 | 5.178 | 93.448 | 0.976 | |
C2-5-S50 | 0.5 | 5.812 | 116.45 | 0.963 | |
C2-5-S75 | 0.75 | −65.747 | 2199 | 0.919 | |
C4-4-S0 | CEM IV | 0 | 11.016 | 16.523 | 0.998 |
C4-4-S25 | 0.25 | 10.98 | 87.113 | 0.998 | |
C4-4-S50 | 0.5 | 8.59 | 119.46 | 0.991 | |
C4-4-S75 | 0.75 | 0 | 2750 | N/A * | |
C4-5-S0 | 0 | 6.914 | 13.643 | 0.996 | |
C4-5-S-25 | 0.25 | −5.073 | 379.79 | 0.690 | |
C4-5-S50 | 0.5 | −64.85 | 2172.4 | 0.929 | |
C4-5-S75 | 0.75 | −86.667 | 4077.5 | 0.994 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Dilbas, H. Effect of Cement Type and Water-to-Cement Ratio on Fresh Properties of Superabsorbent Polymer-Modified Cement Paste. Materials 2023, 16, 2614. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16072614
Dilbas H. Effect of Cement Type and Water-to-Cement Ratio on Fresh Properties of Superabsorbent Polymer-Modified Cement Paste. Materials. 2023; 16(7):2614. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16072614
Chicago/Turabian StyleDilbas, Hasan. 2023. "Effect of Cement Type and Water-to-Cement Ratio on Fresh Properties of Superabsorbent Polymer-Modified Cement Paste" Materials 16, no. 7: 2614. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16072614