Assessment of Cementitious Ceramic Tile Adhesives in the Light of Repeatability and Reproducibility of the Tensile Adhesion Strength Measurements
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Operator | Sex | Age | Performing Tensile Adhesion Strength Measurements Daily | Work Experience in the Laboratory Participating in the Study [Years] | Total Work Experience in Laboratory [Years] | Education |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | M | 50 | no | 26 | 26 | M.Sc. |
B | F | 35 | no | 11 | 11 | M.Sc. |
C | M | 36 | no | 7 | 12 | Ph.D. |
D | M | 27 | no | 3 | 3 | M.Sc. |
E | F | 27 | no | 5 | 5 | M.Sc. |
F | M | 49 | yes | 23 | 23 | M.Sc. |
G | M | 35 | yes | 10 | 11 | M.Sc. |
H | M | 29 | yes | 3 | 3 | M.Sc. |
I | M | 39 | yes | 11 | 15 | M.Sc. |
J | M | 26 | yes | 4 | 4 | M.Sc. |
Measurement/Operator | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1.8 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 1.0 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 1.5 * |
AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | CF-A | |
2 | 1.7 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.6 | 1.4 | 1.0 |
AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | |
3 | 1.8 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.6 * | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.3 |
AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | |
4 | 1.7 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 1.2 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 1.4 |
AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | |
5 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 1.2 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 1.8 * | 1.3 | 1.6 | 1.3 |
AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | |
6 | 1.6 | 1.4 | 1.6 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.1 | 1.5 | 1.3 | 1.1 |
AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | |
7 | 1.5 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.1 * | 1.5 | 1.5 | 0.9 * | 1.5 | 1.2 | 1.1 |
AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | |
8 | 1.6 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 1.4 | 1.6 | 1.2 |
AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | |
9 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.6 | 1.2 |
AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | |
10 | 1.2 * | 1.2 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.0 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 1.2 |
AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | |
m (mean) | 1.62 | 1.25 | 1.36 | 1.44 | 1.47 | 1.41 | 1.14 | 1.45 | 1.45 | 1.23 |
sD [N/mm2] | 0.16 | 0.15 | 0.13 | 0.17 | 0.13 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.15 | 0.15 |
sD/m [%] | 9.9 | 12.0 | 9.6 | 8.8 | 8.8 | 7.8 | 9.6 | 7.6 | 10.3 | 10.0 |
sD/m [%] | 9.8 | 9.1 | ||||||||
sD/m [%] | 9.4 |
Measurement/Operator | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1.2 * | 0.7 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 0.9 |
AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | |
2 | 0.7 * | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.3 * | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.0 |
AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | |
3 | 0.7 * | 0.6 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.7 * | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.9 |
AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | |
4 | 1.1 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.6 * | 0.9 | 1.2 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 0.9 |
AF-T | BT | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | |
5 | 1.0 | 0.4 * | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
AF-T | BT | BT | AF-T | AF-T | BT | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | |
6 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 0.6 * | 0.9 | 1.2 * |
AF-T | AF-T | BT | AF-T | AF-T | BT | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | |
7 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | |
8 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 1.0 |
AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | |
9 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.8 |
AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | |
10 | 1.0 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 0.4 * |
AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | |
m (mean) | 0.96 | 0.60 | 0.89 | 0.93 | 0.88 | 0.90 | 1.01 | 0.87 | 0.92 | 0.94 |
sD [N/mm2] | 0.10 | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.07 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.08 | 0.07 |
sD/m [%] | 10.4 | 11.7 | 10.1 | 8.6 | 12.5 | 7.8 | 10.9 | 13.8 | 8.7 | 7.4 |
sD/m [%] | 10.7 | 9.7 | ||||||||
sD/m [%] | 10.2 |
Measurement/Operator | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.2 |
AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | CF-A | |
2 | 0.8 * | 1.2 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 1.0 |
AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | CF-A | |
3 | 1.3 * | 1.1 | 0.8 | 1.1 | 0.8 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.4 | 1.1 | 1.2 |
AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | CF-A | |
4 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.4 | 1.1 |
AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | |
5 | 0.8 * | 1.2 | 1.0 * | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.4 | 1.1 |
AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | CF-AAF-T | AF-T | |
6 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 0.6 * | 1.3 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.0 | 1.2 |
AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | CF-A | |
7 | 1.3 * | 0.5 * | 0.7 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.6 * | 1.3 | 1.0 | 1.1 |
AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | CF-A | |
8 | 1.0 | 1.3 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 0.5 * | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 1.0 |
AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | CF-A | |
9 | 1.3 * | 1.0 | 0.7 | 1.3 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 1.5 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.1 |
AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | CF-A | |
10 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 0.8 | 1.4 * | 0.8 | 1.1 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.1 |
AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | AF-T | CF-A | |
m (mean) | 1.04 | 1.18 | 0.80 | 1.10 | 1.00 | 1.10 | 1.29 | 1.23 | 1.20 | 1.11 |
sD [N/mm2] | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.08 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.15 | 0.12 | 0.15 | 0.07 |
sD/m [%] | 10.6 | 8.5 | 10.0 | 10.9 | 12.0 | 10.9 | 11.6 | 9.8 | 12.5 | 6.3 |
sD/m [%] | 10.4 | 10.2 | ||||||||
sD/m [%] | 10.3 |
Measurement/Operator | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 2.4 * | 1.8 | 1.3 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.4 | 1.7 |
CF-A | CF-A | CF-A | CF-A | CF-A | CF-A | CF-A | CF-A | CF-A | CF-A | |
2 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 2.2 * | 1.8 | 1.6 | 2.2 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 1.6 |
CF-A | CF-A | CF-A | CF-A | CF-A | CF-A | CF-A | CF-A | CF-A AF-T | CF-A | |
3 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 2.3 * | 1.5 | 1.6 | 1.9 | 1.7 | 1.4 | 1.7 |
CF-A | CF-A | CF-A | CF-A | CF-A | CF-A | CF-A | CF-A | CF-A AF-T | CF-A | |
4 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 1.7 | 1.2 * | 1.9 | 1.7 | 2.0 | 1.8 | 1.4 | 1.6 |
CF-A | CF-A | CF-A | BT | CF-A | CF-A | CF-A | CF-A | CF-A | CF-A | |
5 | 2.1 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 2.1 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.9 |
CF-A | CF-A | CF-A | CF-A | CF-A | CF-A | CF-A | CF-A | CF-A | CF-A | |
6 | 2.1 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 0.7 * | 2.0 | 1.6 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 1.7 | 1.7 |
CF-A | CF-A | CF-A | BT | CF-A | CF-A | CF-A | CF-A | CF-A | CF-A | |
7 | 1.9 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 2.1 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 1.5 |
CF-A | CF-A | CF-A | CF-A | CF-A | CF-A | CF-A | CF-A | CF-A | CF-A | |
8 | 1.2 * | 1.4 * | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.6 | 1.8 | 2.0 | 1.7 | 1.7 |
AF-T | CF-A | CF-A | CF-A | CF-A | CF-A | CF-A | CF-A | CF-A | CF-A | |
9 | 2.2 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 1.2 * | 1.8 | 1.6 | 2.2 | 1.5 | 1.9 * | 1.5 |
CF-A | CF-A | CF-A | BT | CF-A | CF-A | CF-A | CF-A | CF-A | CF-A | |
10 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 1.7 | 2.2 * | 1.8 | 1.5 | 1.9 | 1.8 | 1.4 | 1.7 |
CF-A | CF-A | CF-A | CF-A | CF-A | CF-A | CF-A | CF-A | CF-A AF-T | CF-A | |
m (mean) | 1.98 | 1.82 | 1.81 | NC | 1.83 | 1.59 | 1.89 | 1.73 | 1.55 | 1.66 |
sD [N/mm2] | 0.14 | 0.18 | 0.13 | 0.16 | 0.13 | 0.20 | 0.18 | 0.17 | 0.12 | |
sD/m [%] | 7.1 | 9.9 | 7.2 | 8.7 | 8.2 | 10.6 | 10.4 | 8.6 | 7.2 | |
sD/m [%] | 8.2 | 9.0 | ||||||||
sD/m [%] | 8.7 |
Measurement | sr | sR | |
---|---|---|---|
initial adhesion strength | 1.39 | 0.14 | 0.19 |
tensile adhesion strength after immersion in water | 0.89 | 0.09 | 0.14 |
tensile adhesion strength after heat aging | 1.11 | 0.12 | 0.18 |
tensile adhesion strength after freeze–thaw cycles | 1.76 | 0.15 | 0.21 |
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Michalak, J.; Ziomek, R. Assessment of Cementitious Ceramic Tile Adhesives in the Light of Repeatability and Reproducibility of the Tensile Adhesion Strength Measurements. Materials 2023, 16, 4245. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16124245
Michalak J, Ziomek R. Assessment of Cementitious Ceramic Tile Adhesives in the Light of Repeatability and Reproducibility of the Tensile Adhesion Strength Measurements. Materials. 2023; 16(12):4245. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16124245
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichalak, Jacek, and Radosław Ziomek. 2023. "Assessment of Cementitious Ceramic Tile Adhesives in the Light of Repeatability and Reproducibility of the Tensile Adhesion Strength Measurements" Materials 16, no. 12: 4245. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16124245
APA StyleMichalak, J., & Ziomek, R. (2023). Assessment of Cementitious Ceramic Tile Adhesives in the Light of Repeatability and Reproducibility of the Tensile Adhesion Strength Measurements. Materials, 16(12), 4245. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16124245