Fabrication of r-GO/GO/α-Fe2O3/Fe2TiO5 Nanocomposite Using Natural Ilmenite and Graphite for Efficient Photocatalysis in Visible Light
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals and Materials
2.2. Dissolution of Ilmenite Sand and Precipitation
2.3. Preparation of Graphene Oxide
2.4. Synthesis of Photocatalysts
2.5. Photocatalytic Measurements
2.6. Materials Characterization
2.7. Determination of Antibacterial Activity against Escherichia coli
2.7.1. Microbial Strain and Inoculum Preparation
2.7.2. Broth Dilution Assay
- (O.D.) control = Absorbance of the control sample
- (O.D.) test = Absorbance of the test sample with the composites.
3. Results
3.1. Morphological Analysis
3.1.1. SEM and EDX Analysis
3.1.2. TEM Analysis
3.2. XPS Analysis
3.3. Raman Analysis
3.4. XRD Analysis
3.5. XRF Analysis
3.6. Optical Adsorption Properties (DRS Analysis)
3.7. Photocatalytic Degradation
3.8. Mechanism of the Photocatalytic Activity
- X—Absolute electronegativity of the semiconductor, which is defined as the geometric mean of the absolute electronegativity of the constituent atoms
- EC—Energy of free electrons on the hydrogen scale
- Eg—The band gap of the semiconductor
- ECB—Conduction band (CB) position
- EVB—Valance band (VB) position
- Absorption of efficient photons
- 2.
- Oxygen ionosorption:
- 3.
- Neutralization of groups by photo holes to produce OH• radicals:
- 4.
- Neutralization of by protons:
- 5.
- Transient hydrogen peroxide formation and dismutation of oxygen:
- 6.
- Decomposition of and the second reduction of oxygen:
- 7.
- Oxidation of the MB by radicals:
- 8.
- Direct oxidation by reaction with holes:
3.9. Antibacterial Activity against Escherichia coli
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Material | Chemical Composition of Carbon (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
C=C (sp2) | C-C (sp3) | C-O | C=O | C/O Ratio | |
TF | 55.18 | 32.21 | - | 12.59 | 0.39 |
(0.3)r-GOTF | 13.24 | 49.82 | 19.77 | 17.15 | 0.21 |
(0.2)r-GOTF | 12.01 | 49.39 | 25.72 | 12.86 | 0.45 |
(0.1)r-GOTF | 22.54 | 43.07 | 22.56 | 11.82 | 0.23 |
r-TG | 45.73 | 41.09 | - | 13.17 | 0.30 |
Material | Peak Position (cm−1) | FWHM (cm−1) | Peak Intensity Ratio | La (nm) | LD (nm) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
D Band | G Band | D Band | G Band | D Band | G Band | ID/IG | |||
GO | 1350.8 | 1589.6 | 149.1 | 84.2 | 806.6 | 777.5 | 1.0 | 38.5 | 10.1 |
(0.3)r-GOTF | 1339.5 | 1588.5 | 135.1 | 83.6 | 229.7 | 186.4 | 1.2 | 32.1 | 9.2 |
(0.2)r-GOTF | 1318.7 | 1572.7 | 134.4 | 78.1 | 277.1 | 138.6 | 2.0 | 19.3 | 7.1 |
(0.1)r-GOTF | 1316.5 | 1585.5 | 133.9 | 73.1 | 352.7 | 100.4 | 3.5 | 11.1 | 5.4 |
Nanocomposite | Component | Peak Position (2θ) | Crystalline Plane (hkl) | Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM) (β) | Integrated Peak Area | Crystalline Size (nm) (Lc) | Interplanar Distance (nm) (d) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TF | Fe2O3 | 33.22 | (104) | 0.191 | 23.431 | 45.33 | 0.2694 |
GO | C | 9.34 | (001) | 1.168 | 52.683 | 7.13 | 0.9461 |
(0.3)r-GOTF | Fe2O3 | 33.44 | (104) | 0.184 | 26.132 | 47.09 | 0.2677 |
(0.2)r-GOTF | Fe2O3 | 33.44 | (104) | 0.188 | 23.757 | 46.08 | 0.2677 |
(0.1)r-GOTF | Fe2O3 | 33.45 | (104) | 0.182 | 25.601 | 47.60 | 0.2676 |
r-TF | Fe2O3 | 33.33 | (104) | 0.186 | 24.712 | 46.57 | 0.2686 |
Fe2TiO5 | 25.43 | (101) | 0.148 | 4.4415 | 57.47 | 0.349 |
Material | Al2O3 (%) | V2O5 (%) | SiO2 (%) | P2O5 (%) | K2O (%) | CaO (%) | TiO2 (%) | Cr2O3 (%) | MnO2 (%) | FeO (%) | ZnO (%) | ZrO2 (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ilmenite | 1.02 | 1.21 | 3.94 | 0.04 | 0.08 | 0.61 | 48.87 | 0.15 | 0.87 | 42.81 | 0.08 | 0.15 |
TF | 1.04 | - | 1.21 | - | - | - | 11.80 | 0.17 | 1.48 | 84.21 | 0.04 | - |
(0.3)r-GOTF | 1.07 | - | 1.35 | - | - | - | 11.37 | 0.17 | 1.77 | 82.23 | 0.04 | - |
(0.2)r-GOTF | 0.73 | - | 1.07 | - | - | - | 11.46 | 0.16 | 1.24 | 85.31 | 0.03 | |
(0.1)r-GOTF | 0.54 | - | 1.32 | - | - | - | 10.38 | - | 1.13 | 86.58 | - | - |
r-TF | 0.91 | - | 0.98 | - | - | - | 11.66 | 0.16 | 1.24 | 85.72 | 0.05 | - |
Material | qe, exp (mg g−1) | Pseudo-First-Order Model | Pseudo-Second-Order Model | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
qe (mg g−1) | k1 (min−1) | qe (mg g−1) | k2 (g mg−1 min−1) | ||||
TF | 5.713 | 0.163 | 0.044 | 0.611 | 6.190 | 0.018 | 0.992 |
(0.3)r-GOTF | 7.724 | 0.708 | 0.055 | 0.909 | 8.329 | 0.013 | 0.999 |
(0.2)r-GOTF | 6.813 | 0.396 | 0.054 | 0.942 | 7.481 | 0.015 | 0.992 |
(0.1)r-GOTF | 6.011 | 0.591 | 0.063 | 0.939 | 6.817 | 0.012 | 0.987 |
r-TF | 12.421 | 0.438 | 0.039 | 0.857 | 12.674 | 0.024 | 0.999 |
Material | Polynomial Regression Analysis (180 min) | Linear regression Analysis (First 70 min) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Polynomial Equation | Polynomial Rate Constant kp (min−1) | Initial Rate Constant kp (min−1) | |||
TF | 0.008 | 0.996 | 0.014 | 0.994 | |
(0.3)r-GOTF | 0.025 | 0.987 | 0.033 | 0.998 | |
(0.2)r-GOTF | 0.009 | 0.978 | 0.015 | 0.997 | |
(0.1)r-GOTF | 0.009 | 0.989 | 0.013 | 0.991 | |
r-TF | 0.008 | 0.987 | 0.012 | 0.995 |
Semiconductor Oxide | Electronegativity (X) | Eg (eV) | Calculated CB Position (eV) (NHE) | Calculated VB Position (eV) (NHE) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fe2TiO5 | 4.78 | 2.25 | 0.23 | 2.48 |
α-Fe2O3 | 4.78 | 2.20 | −0.77 | 1.33 |
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Usgodaarachchi, L.; Jayanetti, M.; Thambiliyagodage, C.; Liyanaarachchi, H.; Vigneswaran, S. Fabrication of r-GO/GO/α-Fe2O3/Fe2TiO5 Nanocomposite Using Natural Ilmenite and Graphite for Efficient Photocatalysis in Visible Light. Materials 2023, 16, 139. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16010139
Usgodaarachchi L, Jayanetti M, Thambiliyagodage C, Liyanaarachchi H, Vigneswaran S. Fabrication of r-GO/GO/α-Fe2O3/Fe2TiO5 Nanocomposite Using Natural Ilmenite and Graphite for Efficient Photocatalysis in Visible Light. Materials. 2023; 16(1):139. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16010139
Chicago/Turabian StyleUsgodaarachchi, Leshan, Madara Jayanetti, Charitha Thambiliyagodage, Heshan Liyanaarachchi, and Saravanamuthu Vigneswaran. 2023. "Fabrication of r-GO/GO/α-Fe2O3/Fe2TiO5 Nanocomposite Using Natural Ilmenite and Graphite for Efficient Photocatalysis in Visible Light" Materials 16, no. 1: 139. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16010139