Mechanical Properties and Gamma Radiation Transmission Rate of Heavyweight Concrete Containing Barite Aggregates
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials
2.1. Aggregates
2.2. Cement
2.3. Water
3. Mixing and Sample Preparation
4. Gamma Radiation Transmission Test Setup
5. Results, Analysis, and Discussion
5.1. Compressive Strength
5.2. Tensile Strength
5.3. Failure Mode
5.4. Radiation Test Results
6. Conclusions
- Due to the lower hardness and strength of barite aggregates compared to ordinary aggregates, the compressive and tensile strength of concrete had an inverse relationship with the amount of barite aggregate. By increasing the amount of barite aggregate in the mixture, the rate of reduction in compressive strength and especially tensile strength in concrete C35 was less than in concrete C25.
- Upon 100% replacement of barite aggregates, the compressive strength of C25 concrete and C35 concrete decreased by 27.52% and 20.82%, respectively, while the tensile strength of C25 concrete and C35 concrete decreased by 32.30% and 13.21%, respectively. This result shows that, according to the mixing design of C25 and C35, increasing the consumption of cement in concrete reduces the intensity of the decrease in compressive strength and especially tensile strength of concrete due to the increase in the amount of barite.
- The rate of radiation loss in heavy concrete samples increased with the increase in barite aggregates. By comparing C25 and C35 specimens, understandably, the rate of radiation loss in C35 concrete samples was higher than in C25 concrete samples for thinner layers. For C35, as the thickness of concrete increased, the difference in the percentage of radiation transmission reduction decreased in concretes with different percentages of barite aggregates. The difference in the rate of radiation loss in concrete samples of 100 mm thickness without and with 100% barite aggregates reached about 9%. For all C25 and C35 concrete samples with a layer thickness of 300 mm, the rate of radiation loss was between 96% and 99%.
- From the LAC calculations, it is evident that the LAC of heavy concrete mixes increased with the increase in barite aggregates, while the LAC in C35 concretes with the same percentage of barite was larger than in C25 concretes. The amount of LAC increased by 23% and 35%, respectively, in C35 and C25 concretes with 100% barite compared to samples without barite. The maximum LAC against the cobalt-60 source was recorded as 0.0165 for C35 concrete with 100% barite aggregate.
- The HVL thicknesses in C25 and C35 concretes with different ratios of barite exhibited noteworthy losses with an increase in barite addition. The HVL decreased by 25% and 19% in C35 and C25 concretes with 100% barite compared to samples without barite.
- For C25 and C35 concretes, regardless of the strength, the amount of LAC depended on the density of concrete. The relationship between LAC and density of heavyweight concrete made with barite was obtained as a linear equation on the basis of the results that can be used for other thicknesses.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Conventional Aggregates | Barite Aggregates | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Coarse | Fine | Coarse | Fine | |
Water absorption (%) | 1.2 | 2.1 | 0.32 | 0.36 |
Specific gravity (kg/m3) | 1634 | 1760 | 3205 | 3610 |
Chemical composition | SiO2 | 23.50% |
Al2O3 | 5.80% | |
Fe2O3 | 3.10% | |
CaO | 60.00% | |
MgO | 3.10% | |
Cl | 0.025% | |
SO3 | 2.00% | |
Loss of ignition | 1.10% | |
Insoluble residue | 0.35% | |
Physical properties | Specific gravity | 3150 kg/m3 |
Outlet start | 160 min | |
End of the outlet | 230 min | |
Blaine | 3500 cm2/gr | |
Compressive strength of the cement | 2 days | 150 kg/cm2 |
7 days | 350 kg/cm2 | |
28 days | 490 kg/cm2 |
Test Name | Unit | Results | Test Method |
---|---|---|---|
EC | 132.5 | Std. M. 2510.B | |
TDS | mg/L | 92 | Std. M. 2540.C |
TSS | mg/L | 4 | Std. M. 2540.C |
Cl− | mg/L | 19.31 | Std. M. 4500-Cl.B |
mg/L | 0.017 | Std. M. 4500-P.E |
Mix ID | W/C | Water | Cement | Normal Sand | Normal Gravel | Barite Sand | Barite Gravel |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C25-CO | 0.5 | 195 | 390 | 680 | 1162 | 0 | 0 |
C25-Barite-25% | 0.5 | 195 | 390 | 510 | 872 | 302 | 547 |
C25-Barite-50% | 0.5 | 195 | 390 | 340 | 581 | 604 | 1093 |
C25-Barite-75% | 0.5 | 195 | 390 | 170 | 291 | 907 | 1640 |
C25-Barite-100% | 0.5 | 195 | 390 | 0 | 0 | 1209 | 2187 |
C35-CO | 0.5 | 205 | 410 | 658 | 1162 | 0 | 0 |
C35-Barite-25% | 0.5 | 205 | 410 | 494 | 872 | 293 | 547 |
C35-Barite-50% | 0.5 | 205 | 410 | 330 | 581 | 585 | 1094 |
C35-Barite-75% | 0.5 | 205 | 410 | 165 | 291 | 877 | 1640 |
C35-Barite-100% | 0.5 | 205 | 410 | 0 | 0 | 1170 | 2187 |
Mix ID | Compressive Strength (N/mm2) | Tensile Strength (N/mm2) | Specific Weight (kg/m3) |
---|---|---|---|
C25-CO | 28.612 | 3.220 | 2415 |
C25-Barite-25% | 27.246 | 3.057 | 2668 |
C25-Barite-50% | 24.898 | 3.029 | 2715 |
C25-Barite-75% | 21.436 | 2.647 | 3080 |
C25-Barite-100% | 20.737 | 2.180 | 3221 |
C35-CO | 31.952 | 3.588 | 2382 |
C35-Barite-25% | 29.905 | 3.482 | 2709 |
C35-Barite-50% | 27.485 | 3.369 | 2916 |
C35-Barite-75% | 25.658 | 3.128 | 3110 |
C35-Barite-100% | 25.300 | 3.114 | 3282 |
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Badarloo, B.; Lehner, P.; Bakhtiari Doost, R. Mechanical Properties and Gamma Radiation Transmission Rate of Heavyweight Concrete Containing Barite Aggregates. Materials 2022, 15, 2173. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15062173
Badarloo B, Lehner P, Bakhtiari Doost R. Mechanical Properties and Gamma Radiation Transmission Rate of Heavyweight Concrete Containing Barite Aggregates. Materials. 2022; 15(6):2173. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15062173
Chicago/Turabian StyleBadarloo, Baitollah, Petr Lehner, and Rooholah Bakhtiari Doost. 2022. "Mechanical Properties and Gamma Radiation Transmission Rate of Heavyweight Concrete Containing Barite Aggregates" Materials 15, no. 6: 2173. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15062173