Freezing and Thawing Resistance of Fine Recycled Concrete Aggregate (FRCA) Mixtures Designed with Distinct Techniques
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Background
2.1. Multi-Phase Nature of Recycled Concrete Aggregates (RCA)
2.2. Available Mixture Proportioning Techniques for RCA Concrete
2.2.1. Direct Replacement Method (DRM)
2.2.2. Equivalent Volume (EV)
2.2.3. Particle Packing Models (PPMs)
2.3. Durability and Long-Term Performance of FRCA Concrete
2.3.1. Non-Destructive Tests (NDT) and Stiffness Damage Test (SDT)
2.3.2. Freeze-Thaw Resistance
2.3.3. The Damage Rating Index (DRI)
3. Scope of the Work
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. FRCA Production and Raw Materials Characterization
4.2. Mix Design Procedures and Proportions
4.3. FRCA Concrete Manufacturing
4.4. Hardened Properties
4.5. Resistance to Freeze-Thaw Cycles
4.6. Microscopic Assessment
5. Results
5.1. Non-Destructive Techniques (NDT), Hardened Properties and Stress–Strain Relationship
5.2. Freeze-Thaw (F/T) Resistance
5.2.1. Mass Losses
5.2.2. Length Changes
5.2.3. Residual Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity
5.2.4. Durability Factor
5.3. Damage Rating Index (DRI)
6. Discussion
6.1. Effect of Materials and Mix Design on FRCA Concrete
6.2. Mechanical Response of FRCA Concrete Subjected to Cyclical Loading
6.3. Damage Propagation in FRCA Concrete after 300 Freezing and Thawing Cycles
7. Conclusions
- The PPM-proportioned mixtures showed the highest inner quality before being subjected to freezing and thawing, followed by the EV and DRM-proportioned mixtures. The influence of the type of residual sand was not as significant as the crushing procedure, indicating that FRCA subjected to a more rigorous crushing sequence presented a better inner quality;
- The EV and PPM mixture proportioning techniques produced a concrete made of FRCA having adequate freezing and thawing resistance, while the DRM-proportioned mixtures were not considered resistant to freezing and thawing. The PPM mixtures showed the best performance followed by EV then DRM-proportioned FRCA concrete mixtures while no apparent trend was observed between the type of residual sand and crushing procedure;
- The overall durability factor of all FRCA mixtures subjected to freeze-thaw cycles was observed to have considerable variation between the mix design methods. A higher durability factor was observed for PPM mixtures, followed by EV then DRM. This demonstrates that the mix design procedure adopted to design FRCA concrete is more important than the material’s quality; PPM and EV-proportioning techniques being capable of reducing the variability presented while using the DRM;
- The DRI captured the differences in the damage propagation of FRCA concrete subjected to freezing and thawing. The highest level of damage was observed in DRM-proportioned mixtures, whereas the EV- and PPM-proportioned mixtures showed less damage. Despite showing a better performance before being subjected to freezing and thawing, the fully ground FRCA concrete presented more damage compared to the crusher’s fines FRCA. The crushing procedure significantly influences the mechanical properties, inner quality and crack generation and propagation in FRCA concrete. Further research is therefore required to understand the cracking behavior of RCA (i.e., coarse and fine) concerning its multi-phase nature.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
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Physical Property | FRCA NS–CF | FRCA NS–FG | NS | FRCA MS–CF | FRCA MS–FG | MS | Coarse Limestone |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RCP content (wt.%) | 15.5 | 11.5 | - | 16.8 | 11.4 | - | - |
SSD specific gravity (kg/L) | 2.47 | 2.56 | 2.70 | 2.51 | 2.58 | 2.76 | 2.79 |
OD specific gravity (kg/L) | 2.32 | 2.42 | 2.67 | 2.36 | 2.44 | 2.74 | 2.78 |
Water absorption (%) | 7.87 | 6.38 | 0.86 | 7.76 | 6.16 | 0.65 | 0.42 |
Fineness modulus | 3.27 | 2.53 | 2.59 | 3.17 | 2.70 | 2.85 | - |
Material | Mass (g) | Volume (cm3) | Specific Gravity (g/cm3) | Specific Surface Area (m2/g) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Portland cement | 31.9 | 10.49 | 3.03 | 1.00 |
Limestone filler | 19.5 | 7.56 | 2.60 | 3.70 |
Mixture | Portland Cement (kg/m3) | FRCA (kg/m3) | Natural Fine Aggregate (kg/m3) | Natural Coarse Aggregate (kg/m3) | Limestone Filler (kg/m3) | Water (kg/m3) | w/c | AEA (%) | Water Reducer (kg/m3) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ACI–NS | 370 | - | 738 | 1032 | - | 174 | 0.47 | 0.65 | - |
ACI–MS | 370 | - | 759 | 1032 | - | 174 | 0.47 | 0.65 | - |
DRM–NS CF | 497 | 524 | 1032 | - | 174 | 0.35 | 0.45 | - | |
DRM–NS FG | 497 | 546 | 1032 | - | 174 | 0.35 | - | ||
DRM–MS CF | 497 | 533 | 1032 | - | 174 | 0.35 | - | ||
DRM–MS FG | 497 | 551 | 1032 | - | 174 | 0.35 | - | ||
EV–NS CF | 374 | 714 | - | 1005 | - | 131 | 0.35 | 0.50 | 1.2 |
EV–NS FG | 373 | 740 | - | 1014 | - | 131 | 0.35 | 1.2 | |
EV–MS CF | 372 | 732 | - | 1004 | - | 130 | 0.35 | 1.2 | |
EV–MS FG | 373 | 752 | - | 1006 | - | 131 | 0.35 | 1.2 | |
PPM–NS CF | 308 | 879 | - | 806 | 108 | 108 | 0.35 | 0.50 | 1.0 |
PPM–NS FG | 333 | 907 | - | 797 | 83 | 117 | 0.35 | 1.0 | |
PPM–MS CF | 299 | 898 | - | 809 | 118 | 105 | 0.35 | 1.2 | |
PPM–MS FG | 332 | 915 | - | 798 | 84 | 116 | 0.35 | 1.2 |
Mixture | SDI | PDI | Static Modulus of Elasticity (GPa) |
---|---|---|---|
DRM–NS–CF | 0.10 | 0.09 | 26 |
EV–NS–CF | 0.20 | 0.16 | 21 |
PPM–NS–CF | 0.11 | 0.07 | 29 |
PPM–NS–FG | 0.10 | 0.08 | 38 |
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Trottier, C.; de Grazia, M.T.; Macedo, H.F.; Sanchez, L.F.M.; Andrade, G.P.d.; de Souza, D.J.; Naboka, O.; Fathifazl, G.; Nkinamubanzi, P.-C.; Demers, A. Freezing and Thawing Resistance of Fine Recycled Concrete Aggregate (FRCA) Mixtures Designed with Distinct Techniques. Materials 2022, 15, 1342. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15041342
Trottier C, de Grazia MT, Macedo HF, Sanchez LFM, Andrade GPd, de Souza DJ, Naboka O, Fathifazl G, Nkinamubanzi P-C, Demers A. Freezing and Thawing Resistance of Fine Recycled Concrete Aggregate (FRCA) Mixtures Designed with Distinct Techniques. Materials. 2022; 15(4):1342. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15041342
Chicago/Turabian StyleTrottier, Cassandra, Mayra T. de Grazia, Hian F. Macedo, Leandro F. M. Sanchez, Gabriella P. de Andrade, Diego J. de Souza, Olga Naboka, Gholamreza Fathifazl, Pierre-Claver Nkinamubanzi, and André Demers. 2022. "Freezing and Thawing Resistance of Fine Recycled Concrete Aggregate (FRCA) Mixtures Designed with Distinct Techniques" Materials 15, no. 4: 1342. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15041342