Emerging Glass Industry Patterns in Late Antiquity Balkans and Beyond: New Analytical Findings on Foy 3.2 and Foy 2.1 Glass Types
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Evolution and Characteristics of Foy 3.2-Type Glass
3. Characteristics of Iron-Rich Foy 2.1 Glass and Source of Increased Iron
4. Discussion
4.1. Changes in Distribution of Glass Types from Fourth to Sixth Century AD in the Balkans
4.2. Evolving Chemical Composition of Série 3.2
4.3. Distribution of Fe-Rich 2.1
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Group | Cent. AD | (Fe2O3 + TiO2 + MgO)/SiO2 | (Al2O3 + K2O + CaO)/SiO2 | Sum | TiO2/Al2O3 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Roman glass n = 227 | 1st–4th | 0.019 | 0.156 | 0.175 | 0.05 |
AD/N1 (Mn added) n = 45 | 1st–4th | 0.017 ± 0.004 | 0.158 ± 0.014 | 0.174 ± 0.016 | 0.024 ± 0.009 |
AD/N2 (Sb added) n = 4 | 2nd–3rd | 0.014 ± 0.003 | 0.112 ± 0.007 | 0.127 ± 0.010 | 0.047 ± 0.015 |
série 3.2 (non-t.) n = 2 | 1st–2nd | 0.023 ± 0.003 | 0.124 ± 0.007 | 0.147 ± 0.009 | 0.045 ± 0.011 |
série 3.2 n = 17 | 5th/6th | 0.021 ± 0.004 | 0.138 ± 0.016 | 0.159 ± 0.020 | 0.049 ± 0.009 |
série 2.1 n = 51 | 6th–7th | 0.043 ± 0.011 | 0.173 ± 0.012 | 0.216 ± 0.016 | 0.062 ± 0.007 |
Original Classification | Group/Location | n | Nd/La ppm/ppm | Ce/La ppm/ppm | Zr/TiO2 ppm/pm |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Foy 3.2 | Group IV | 2 | 0.81 ± 0.00 | 0.49 ± 0.02 | 56.88 ± 4.42 |
Foy 2.1 Fe-rich | Lower Danube | 23 | 0.91 ± 0.03 | 1.44 ± 0.17 | 74.92 ± 4.78 |
Foy 3.2 | Group I (MSG1c) | 18 | 0.91 ± 0.03 | 1.77 ± 0.10 | 49.98 ± 6.58 |
Foy 2 High-Fe | Yeroskipou | 2 | 0.92 ± 0.01 | 1.19 ± 0.22 | 52.58 ± 0.88 |
Foy 2.1 | Lower Danube | 43 | 0.92 ± 0.05 | 1.77 ± 0.12 | 74.71 ± 4.62 |
Ca-rich HIMT | Herdonia | 4 | 0.93 ± 0.02 | 1.66 ± 0.10 | 72.80 ± 10.10 |
HIMT 2 | San Giusto | 9 | 0.93 ± 0.03 | 1.69 ± 0.09 | 60.90 ± 2.95 |
Foy 2 High-Fe | Byz. glass weights | 31 | 0.93 ± 0.04 | 1.19 ± 0.09 | 55.86 ± 2.80 |
Roman Sb | AD/N2 | 4 | 0.93 ± 0.08 | 1.81 ± 0.04 | 63.70 ± 6.12 |
Foy 2 | Yeroskipou | 34 | 0.94 ± 0.02 | 1.68 ± 0.07 | 53.44 ± 3.57 |
Levantine | San Giusto | 21 | 0.94 ± 0.05 | 1.74 ± 0.08 | 62.30 ± 5.86 |
Foy 2 | Byz. glass weights | 85 | 0.95 ± 0.04 | 1.63 ± 0.10 | 56.78 ± 3.69 |
HIT | Cyprus | 2 | 0.96 ± 0.00 | 1.90 ± 0.01 | 53.96 ± 9.95 |
High Mn Lev 1 | Cyprus | 6 | 0.96 ± 0.02 | 1.71 ± 0.07 | 54.58 ± 4.54 |
Roman Mn | AD/N1 | 43 | 0.96 ± 0.06 | 1.82 ± 0.12 | 69.12 ± 67.43 |
HIMTb | Cyprus | 5 | 0.98 ± 0.02 | 1.28 ± 0.08 | 45.95 ± 0.77 |
HIMTa | Cyprus | 14 | 1.00 ± 0.05 | 1.77 ± 0.13 | 48.05 ± 4.29 |
Foy 3.2 | AQ/3 | 1 | 1.25 ± 0.00 | 0.25 ± 0.00 | 52.67 ± 0.00 |
Foy 3.2 | FC/3 | 4 | 1.30 ± 0.34 | 1.23 ± 0.70 | 58.19 ± 4.50 |
Foy 3.2 | CL3 | 3 | 1.32 ± 0.48 | 1.40 ± 0.85 | 54.40 ± 3.11 |
Foy 3.2 | Group III | 2 | 1.33 ± 0.12 | 0.63 ± 0.53 | 52.08 ± 0.82 |
Foy 3.2 | Group II | 4 | 1.53 ± 0.17 | 1.79 ± 0.46 | 57.67 ± 4.25 |
LI Série 2.1 | HI | VHI | VHILL | Total Fe-Rich | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 38 | n = 47 | n = 74 | n = 4 | n = 125 | ||||||
wto% | aver. | std | aver. | std | aver. | std | aver. | std | aver. | std |
Na2O | 18.46 | 1.26 | 17.67 | 2.76 | 17.63 | 1.19 | 17.43 | 0.62 | 17.78 | 1.20 |
MgO | 1.21 | 0.15 | 1.28 | 0.29 | 1.32 | 0.21 | 0.98 | 0.11 | 1.28 | 0.22 |
Al2O3 | 2.49 | 0.13 | 4.02 | 9.06 | 2.78 | 0.26 | 2.67 | 0.18 | 2.75 | 0.26 |
SiO2 | 64.50 | 1.08 | 63.81 | 9.55 | 64.61 | 1.22 | 67.88 | 0.79 | 64.93 | 1.48 |
K2O | 0.76 | 0.14 | 1.00 | 0.87 | 0.91 | 0.17 | 0.66 | 0.03 | 0.89 | 0.17 |
CaO | 7.97 | 0.65 | 7.34 | 1.21 | 7.48 | 0.59 | 5.43 | 0.20 | 7.42 | 0.68 |
TiO2 | 0.16 | 0.02 | 0.18 | 0.13 | 0.16 | 0.01 | 0.16 | 0.02 | 0.16 | 0.02 |
MnO | 1.69 | 0.31 | 1.06 | 0.43 | 1.14 | 0.25 | 1.11 | 0.12 | 1.11 | 0.32 |
Fe2O3 | 1.03 | 0.11 | 1.64 | 0.21 | 2.69 | 0.41 | 2.57 | 0.15 | 2.29 | 0.61 |
ppm | ||||||||||
NiO | 14 | 9 | 30 | 15 | 27 | 17 | 27 | 15 | ||
CuO | 75 | 25 | 92 | 27 | 115 | 47 | 83 | 12 | 106 | 43 |
ZnO | 60 | 110 | 48 | 18 | 46 | 14 | 46 | 16 | ||
SrO | 798 | 86 | 701 | 147 | 715 | 99 | 433 | 222 | 705 | 120 |
ZrO2 | 111 | 14 | 108 | 24 | 117 | 18 | 100 | 67 | 114 | 20 |
SnO2 | 16 | 13 | 8 | 8 | 1 | 1 | 10 | 10 | ||
PbO | 130 | 140 | 87 | 70 | 106 | 92 | 20 | 36 | 97 | 86 |
Sb2O3 | 188 | 289 | 155 | 75 | 134 | 119 | 12 | 13 | 135 | 107 |
Site/Collection | Type of Object | Fe-Rich Foy 2.1 | Total Foy 2.1 | Percent Fe-Rich |
---|---|---|---|---|
Jelica | windowpane, glassware | 16 | 63 | 25 |
Caričin grad | raw glass | 2 | 24 | 8 |
Serdica | glassware, raw glass | 4 | 17 | 23 |
Odartsi | glassware | 21 | 44 | 48 |
Dichin | glassware, windowpane | 5 | 19 | 26 |
Cyprus | not specified | 2 | 36 | 6 |
Krefeld-Gellep | glassware, bead | 5 | 8 | 62 |
Köln | glassware | 2 | 2 | 100 |
Crypta Balbi | glassware, windowpane | 4 | 8 | 50 |
Bordeaux | raw glass | 3 | 5 | 60 |
Marseille | glassware, raw glass, debris | 1 | 6 | 17 |
Gémenos | glassware | 4 | 4 | 100 |
Nabeul | glassware | 4 | 6 | 67 |
Sidi Jdidi | glassware | 1 | 2 | 50 |
Maguelone | glassware, raw glass, debris | 1 | 20 | 5 |
Visigothic Spain | glassware | 19 | 62 | 31 |
Byzantine glass weights | glass weights | 31 | 174 | 18 |
Total | 125 | 500 | 25.0 |
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Balvanović, R.V.; Šmit, Ž. Emerging Glass Industry Patterns in Late Antiquity Balkans and Beyond: New Analytical Findings on Foy 3.2 and Foy 2.1 Glass Types. Materials 2022, 15, 1086. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15031086
Balvanović RV, Šmit Ž. Emerging Glass Industry Patterns in Late Antiquity Balkans and Beyond: New Analytical Findings on Foy 3.2 and Foy 2.1 Glass Types. Materials. 2022; 15(3):1086. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15031086
Chicago/Turabian StyleBalvanović, Roman V., and Žiga Šmit. 2022. "Emerging Glass Industry Patterns in Late Antiquity Balkans and Beyond: New Analytical Findings on Foy 3.2 and Foy 2.1 Glass Types" Materials 15, no. 3: 1086. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15031086