Corrosion Resistance of Aluminum Alloy AA2024 with Hard Anodizing in Sulfuric Acid-Free Solution
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Anodizing Process
2.3. Microstructural Characterization
2.4. Vickers Microhardness Measurements
2.5. Electrochemical Techniques
3. Results
3.1. Microstructural Characterization by SEM
3.1.1. Surface Morphology
3.1.2. Morphology of Cross-Sections
3.1.3. The Thickness of Anodized Samples of AA2024
3.2. Vickers Microhardness Measurements
3.3. Electrochemical Techniques
3.3.1. Cyclic Potentiodynamic Polarization
3.3.2. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Measurements
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- Porous anodic alumina films were successfully produced under hard anodizing conditions on AA2024 alloy. Intermetallic phases in aluminum alloys influence the anodic layer growth rate and morphology. Oxide layers formed on AA2024 alloys with coarse intermetallic phases contained large cavities and surface defects.
- Anodic films with porosity, cracks, and lateral porosity, commonly encountered during anodizing of AA2024 alloy, were obtained. In addition, oxidation of the second phase particles is achieved, and, as a result, its consumption generates cavities on the surface of the films and in the cross-section.
- The thickness and Vickers microhardness obtained in the hard anodic coatings were low due to secondary phases rich in copper that prevent the film’s homogeneous growth. These secondary phases are associated with the generation of lateral porosity that also decreases properties. Lower thickness and microhardness are presented because of the formation of large cavities and defects induced by the activity of the Cu and Fe coarse intermetallic phases.
- The cyclic potentiodynamic polarization technique indicated that higher Ecorr, and lower corrosion current densities (icorr), were presented in samples 3A CIM S5 and 4.5A C1M, representing that this sample provides more corrosion resistance than conventional sulfuric acid anodizing or the un-anodized alloy.
- The EIS results indicate that hard-anodized coatings with citric–sulfuric acid showed resistance when exposed to a 3.5 wt. % NaCl solution for the samples 3A CIM S5 and 4.5A C1M S10.
- Type III hard anodizing is possible with mixtures of citric–sulfuric acid solutions, which will present good mechanical properties and greater corrosion resistance than the material without anodizing.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Material | Anodizing | Sealing Process | Samples | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Current Density (A/dm2) | Time (min) | Bath for Anodizing | ||||
Sulfuric Acid | Citric Acid | |||||
AA2024 | 3 | 60 | 5 mL/L | 1 M | Deionized water Temperature at 95 °C Time 60 min | 3A C1M S5 |
10 mL/L | 1 M | 3A C1M S10 | ||||
- | 1 M | 3A C1M | ||||
1 M | - | 3A S1M | ||||
4.5 | 60 | 5 mL/L | 1 M | Deionized water Temperature at 95 °C Time 60 min | 4.5A C1M S5 | |
10 mL/L | 1 M | 4.5A C1M S10 | ||||
- | 1 M | 4.5A C1M | ||||
1 M | - | 4.5A S1M |
Sample | Ecorr (V) | Epit (V) | EA–C (V) | Ipass (A/cm2) | icorr (A/cm2) | Hysteresis |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AA2024 | −0.656 | −0.656 | −0.895 | - | 3.43 × 10−7 | Positive |
3A C1M S5 | −0.600 | −0.430 | −0.791 | - | 1.57 × 10−7 | Positive |
3A C1M S10 | −0.598 | −0.308 | - | 1.38 × 10−8 | 1.14 × 10−8 | Negative |
3A C1M | −0.563 | −0.242 | −0.903 | - | 2.31 × 10−5 | Positive |
3A S1M | −0.293 | −0.293 | 0.298 | 6.77 × 10−9 | 1.36 × 10−10 | Negative |
4.5A C1M S5 | −0.446 | 0.334 | - | 7.52 × 10−6 | 2.35 × 10−8 | Positive |
4.5A C1M S10 | −0.488 | 0.034 | −0.774 | 2.44 × 10−6 | 1.26 × 10−9 | Positive |
4.5A C1M | −0.593 | −0.593 | −0.917 | - | 2.55 × 10−6 | Positive |
4.5A S1M | −0.180 | −0.180 | - | 1.87 × 10−8 | 8.30 × 10−11 | Negative |
Samples | RSol (Ω·cm2) | CPEPor (F/cm2) | RPor (Ω·cm2) | nPor | CPEB (F/cm2) | RB (Ω·cm2) | nB | Error | χ2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AA2024 | 28.5 | - | - | - | 1.27 × 10−4 | 13,920 | 0.80 | ˂1.42 | 1 × 10−2 |
3A C1M S5 | 28.78 | 2.28 × 10−7 | 46,014 | 0.78 | 9.30 × 10−7 | 5.81 × 106 | 0.81 | ˂1.96 | 1 × 10−2 |
3A C1M S10 | 14.26 | 8.80 × 10−7 | 47,545 | 0.74 | 3.12 × 10−6 | 0.36 × 106 | 0.69 | ˂1.14 | 1 × 10−2 |
3A C1M | 22.77 | 1.41 × 10−6 | 560 | 0.81 | 4.02 × 10−5 | 6381 | 0.64 | ˂1.95 | 3 × 10−3 |
3A S1M | 24.40 | 6.68 × 10−7 | 152,820 | 0.77 | 8.41 × 10−7 | 6.20 × 106 | 0.94 | ˂1.79 | 1 × 10−2 |
4.5A C1M S5 | 63.58 | 1.13 × 10−7 | 2677 | 0.85 | 6.11 × 10−6 | 0.14 × 106 | 0.54 | ˂2.84 | 1 × 10−2 |
4.5A C1M S10 | 16.88 | 2.27 × 10−6 | 15,651 | 0.75 | 1.26 × 10−6 | 4.11 × 106 | 0.90 | ˂2.04 | 3 × 10−2 |
4.5A C1M | 25.58 | 5.43 × 10−5 | 6555 | 0.74 | 4.81 × 10−4 | 19,478 | 0.71 | ˂2.25 | 1 × 10−3 |
4.5A S1M | 25.35 | 6.55 × 10−7 | 89,049 | 0.61 | 1.26 × 10−6 | 10.2 × 106 | 0.91 | ˂2.17 | 7 × 10−3 |
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Miramontes, J.C.; Gaona Tiburcio, C.; García Mata, E.; Esneider Alcála, M.Á.; Maldonado-Bandala, E.; Lara-Banda, M.; Nieves-Mendoza, D.; Olguín-Coca, J.; Zambrano-Robledo, P.; López-León, L.D.; et al. Corrosion Resistance of Aluminum Alloy AA2024 with Hard Anodizing in Sulfuric Acid-Free Solution. Materials 2022, 15, 6401. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15186401
Miramontes JC, Gaona Tiburcio C, García Mata E, Esneider Alcála MÁ, Maldonado-Bandala E, Lara-Banda M, Nieves-Mendoza D, Olguín-Coca J, Zambrano-Robledo P, López-León LD, et al. Corrosion Resistance of Aluminum Alloy AA2024 with Hard Anodizing in Sulfuric Acid-Free Solution. Materials. 2022; 15(18):6401. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15186401
Chicago/Turabian StyleMiramontes, José Cabral, Citlalli Gaona Tiburcio, Estefanía García Mata, Miguel Ángel Esneider Alcála, Erick Maldonado-Bandala, Maria Lara-Banda, Demetrio Nieves-Mendoza, Javier Olguín-Coca, Patricia Zambrano-Robledo, Luis Daimir López-León, and et al. 2022. "Corrosion Resistance of Aluminum Alloy AA2024 with Hard Anodizing in Sulfuric Acid-Free Solution" Materials 15, no. 18: 6401. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15186401