Mitigation of the Adverse Impact of Copper, Nickel, and Zinc on Soil Microorganisms and Enzymes by Mineral Sorbents
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Characteristics of Soil and Sorbents, and the Preparation of Metal Solutions
2.1.1. Soil
2.1.2. Sorbents
2.1.3. Solutions of Metals
2.2. Design of the Experiment
2.3. Methods of Microbiological, Biochemical and Physicochemical Analyses of Soil
2.4. Data Analysis and Statistical Processing
3. Results
3.1. Microorganisms
3.2. Soil Enzymes
3.3. Yield
3.4. Relationships between the Analysed Properties—PCA and Correlation Analyses
4. Discussion
4.1. The Response of the Soil Microbiome to the Pressure of Cu2+, Ni2+, and Zn2+
4.2. Activity of Soil Enzymes
4.3. Plant
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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An experimental plant | Helianthus annuus L.: 7 seeds were sown in a pot; after emergence, 4 plants were left in the pot |
Soil | Sandy loam: sand 0.05–2.0 mm—60.63%, silt 0.02–0.05 mm—35.99%, and clay < 0.002 mm—3.38%. 1.07 g Ntot·kg−1 d.m., 14.69 g Corg·kg−1 d.m., 166.72 mg P·kg−1 d.m., 171.31 mg K·kg−1 d.m., 443.21 mg Mg·kg−1 d.m., 4.20 mg Cu·kg−1 d.m., 20.31 mg Zn·kg−1 d.m., 8.40 mg Ni·kg−1 d.m., pHKCl—6.00, EBC—145.00 mmol (+)·kg−1 d.m., HAC—13.50 mmol (+)·kg−1 d.m., CEC—158.50 mmol (+)·kg−1 d.m., ACS—91.49%. |
Mineral fertilisation | 110 mg N·kg−1 d.m. of soil in form of CO(NH2)2, 45 mg P·kg−1 d.m. of soil in form of KH2PO4, 110 mg K·kg−1 d.m. of soil in form of KH2PO4 + KCl, 20 mg Mg·kg−1 d.m. of soil in form of MgSO4·7H2O |
Soil contamination with heavy metals | 150 mg Cu·kg−1 in form of CuSO4·5H2O, 150 mg Ni·kg−1 in form of NiSO4·7H2O, 150 mg Zn·kg−1 in form ZnSO4·7H2O |
Applied sorbents | Molecular sieve, halloysite, sepiolite, biochar, expanded clay, zeolite Bio.Zeo.S.01; all sorbents were used in the amount of 10 g·kg−1 d.m. of soil |
The duration of the experiment | Total: 40 days |
Number repetitions | The vases were arranged in random, complete blocks on tables in the same vegetation hall, with three repetitions per treatment, which made a total of 84 vases |
Conditions | Conditions in the vegetation hall (University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland, June–July 2020): day length—approximately 16 h, night-time—approximately 8 h, average air temperature—approximately 18 °C, watering up to 60% m.w.c. deionised water |
Object | C0 | Cu2+ | Ni2+ | Zn2+ | Average |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Organotrophic bacteria,109 | |||||
Control | 30.62 d–h | 26.42 f–j | 24.85 h–j | 24.35 h–j | 26.56 C |
Molecular sieve | 41.61 a | 33.38 c–e | 37.86 a–c | 27.02 e–j | 34.97 A |
Halloysite | 32.78 c–f | 28.84 d–h | 30.76 d–h | 25.88 g–j | 29.57 C |
Sepiolite | 33.03 c–f | 26.42 f–j | 34.76 b–d | 25.59 g–j | 29.95 C |
Expanded clay | 34.41 cd | 24.21 h–j | 33.38 c–e | 20.61 jk | 28.15 BC |
Biochar | 38.21 a–c | 27.31 e–i | 32.14 c–g | 21.40 i–j | 29.76 C |
Zeolite | 32.93 c–f | 27.61 e–i | 17.45 k | 41.17 ab | 29.79 C |
Average | 34.80 I | 27.74 II | 30.17 II | 26.57 III | |
Actinomycetes,109 | |||||
Control | 16.17 h–l | 15.83 i–l | 15.83 i–l | 10.45 no | 14.57 E |
Molecular sieve | 17.35 f–k | 18.39 e–j | 26.52 b | 17.99 e–j | 20.07 B |
Halloysite | 20.41 d–f | 27.02 b | 15.09 j–l | 16.91 g–k | 19.86 BC |
Sepiolite | 20.85 de | 24.75 bc | 17.80 e–j | 11.49 mn | 18.72 CD |
Expanded clay | 22.53 cd | 16.91 g–k | 16.12 h–l | 7.74 o | 15.83 E |
Biochar | 19.28 d–h | 20.21 d–g | 19.28 d–h | 13.16 l–n | 17.98 D |
Zeolite | 14.10 k–m | 18.59 e–i | 20.85 de | 32.44 a | 21.49 A |
Average | 18.67 II | 20.24 I | 18.78 II | 15.74 II | |
Fungi,107 | |||||
Control | 6.75 e–g | 6.01 f–h | 6.51 f–h | 6.31 f–h | 6.40 E |
Molecular sieve | 7.59 d–f | 6.56 f–h | 10.16 ab | 6.36 f–h | 7.67 B |
Halloysite | 9.71 a–c | 7.39 d–f | 4.14 i | 4.98 hi | 6.56 CD |
Sepiolite | 7.10 ef | 7.30 ef | 9.86 a–c | 6.66 fg | 7.73 B |
Expanded clay | 10.30 ab | 9.66 a–c | 10.06 ab | 7.15 ef | 9.29 A |
Biochar | 10.60 a | 5.42 g–i | 6.01 f–h | 6.66 fg | 7.17 BC |
Zeolite | 8.97 b–d | 8.28 c–e | 6.06 f–h | 7.15 ef | 7.62 B |
Average | 8.72 I | 7.23 II | 7.54 II | 6.47 III |
Object | C0 | Cu2+ | Ni2+ | Zn2+ | Average |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dehydrogenases, µmol TFF | |||||
Control | 6.231 c–e | 2.632 hi | 1.273 j | 5.840 e | 3.994 D |
Molecular sieve | 9.134 a | 4.329 f | 4.041 fg | 7.776 b | 6.320 A |
Halloysite | 6.502 c–e | 3.260 gh | 2.733 | 6.129 de | 4.656 C |
Sepiolite | 6.564 c–e | 3.243 gh | 2.377 hi | 6.316 c–e | 4.625 C |
Expanded clay | 7.776 b | 3.854 fg | 2.207 i | 6.740 cd | 5.144 B |
Biochar | 6.927 b–d | 3.243 gh | 2.156 hij | 6.774 cd | 4.775 C |
Zeolite | 9.694 a | 4.329 f | 2.852 hi | 7.097 bc | 5.993 A |
Average | 7.547 I | 3.556 III | 2.520 IV | 6.667 II | |
Catalase, mol O2 | |||||
Control | 0.338 e–g | 0.233 l | 0.289 j | 0.308 i | 0.292 E |
Molecular sieve | 0.357 b–d | 0.349 c–f | 0.319 hi | 0.353 c–e | 0.344 B |
Halloysite | 0.364 a–c | 0.353 c–e | 0.334 f–h | 0.342 d–g | 0.348 B |
Sepiolite | 0.349 c–f | 0.259 k | 0.342 d–g | 0.338 e–g | 0.322 D |
Expanded clay | 0.342 d–g | 0.334 f–h | 0.304 ij | 0.308 i | 0.322 D |
Biochar | 0.379 a | 0.364 a–c | 0.353 c–e | 0.372 ab | 0.367 A |
Zeolite | 0.375 a | 0.330 gh | 0.304 ij | 0.338 e–g | 0.337 C |
Average | 0.358 I | 0.318 III | 0.321 III | 0.337 II | |
Urease, mmol N-NH4 | |||||
Control | 0.223 e–g | 0.208 h | 0.162 i | 0.216 fg | 0.202 C |
Molecular sieve | 0.254 b–d | 0.239 c–f | 0.246 c–e | 0.246 c–e | 0.246 A |
Halloysite | 0.239 c–f | 0.223 e–g | 0.177 i | 0.254 b–d | 0.223 B |
Sepiolite | 0.239 c–f | 0.231 d–g | 0.216 fg | 0.231 d–g | 0.229 B |
Expanded clay | 0.254 b–d | 0.231 d–g | 0.246 c–e | 0.254 c–e | 0.246 A |
Biochar | 0.262 bc | 0.231 d–g | 0.185 hi | 0.293 a | 0.243 A |
Zeolite | 0.277 ab | 0.262 bc | 0.216 fg | 0.231 d–g | 0.246 A |
Average | 0.250 I | 0.232 II | 0.207 III | 0.246 I | |
Acid phosphatase, mmol PN | |||||
Control | 1.275 i–k | 0.872 o | 1.174 kl | 1.236jk | 1.139 E |
Molecular sieve | 1.593 bc | 0.989 mn | 1.227 jk | 1.563 bc | 1.343 B |
Halloysite | 1.483 c–g | 0.975 m–o | 1.356 hi | 1.369 g–i | 1.296 D |
Sepiolite | 1.755 a | 0.934 no | 1.320 h–j | 1.679 ab | 1.422 A |
Expanded clay | 1.533 cd | 0.934 no | 1.510 c–f | 1.521 c–e | 1.375 B |
Biohar | 1.567 bc | 1.068 lm | 1.406 e–h | 1.403 f–h | 1.361 B |
Zeolite | 1.599 bc | 1.400 f–h | 1.421 d–h | 1.428 d–h | 1.462 A |
Average | 1.544 I | 1.025 IV | 1.345 III | 1.457 II | |
Alkaline phosphatase, mmol PN | |||||
Control | 1.349 bc | 0.970 l | 1.014 j–l | 1.152 fg | 1.121 C |
Molecular sieve | 1.406 b | 1.024 j–l | 1.252 de | 1.344 bc | 1.256 B |
Halloysite | 1.404 b | 1.118 g–i | 1.032 i–l | 1.293 c–e | 1.212 D |
Sepiolite | 1.544 a | 1.337 b–d | 1.239 ef | 1.239 ef | 1.340 A |
Expanded clay | 1.424 b | 0.988 kl | 1.120 g–i | 1.299 c–e | 1.208 C |
Biochar | 1.574 a | 1.008 j–l | 1.089 g–j | 1.232 ef | 1.226 BC |
Zeolite | 1.578 a | 1.131 gh | 1.060 h–k | 1.225 ef | 1.249 B |
Average | 1.468 I | 1.082 III | 1.115 IV | 1.255 II | |
Arylosulphatase, mmol PN | |||||
ControI | 0.188 b–g | 0.174 fg | 0.170 g | 0.170 g | 0.176 D |
Molecular sieve | 0.218 ab | 0.202 a–f | 0.214 a–c | 0.194 a–g | 0.207 A |
Halloysite | 0.216 ab | 0.206 a–e | 0.192 a–g | 0.188 b–g | 0.200 AB |
Sepiolite | 0.204 a–f | 0.196 a–g | 0.188 b–g | 0.182 d–g | 0.192 C |
Expanded clay | 0.200 a–g | 0.196 a–g | 0.184 c–g | 0.196 a–g | 0.194 C |
Biochar | 0.202 a–f | 0.192 a–g | 0.180 e–g | 0.196 a–g | 0.192 C |
Zeolite | 0.206 a–e | 0.196 a–g | 0.210 a–e | 0.212 a–d | 0.210 A |
Average | 0.207 I | 0.194 II | 0.191 II | 0.191 II | |
β-glucosidase, mmol PN | |||||
Control | 0.550 g–i | 0.543 h–i | 0.523 i | 0.640 d–g | 0.564 C |
Molecular sieve | 0.661 c–f | 0.565 g–i | 0.661 c–f | 0.751 a–c | 0.660 B |
Halloysite | 0.761 ab | 0.592 f–i | 0.595 f–i | 0.773 ab | 0.680 B |
Sepiolite | 0.709 b–e | 0.587 f–i | 0.693 b–e | 0.640 d–g | 0.657 B |
Expanded clay | 0.665 c–f | 0.635 d–h | 0.626 e–h | 0.739 a–c | 0.666 B |
Biochar | 0.702 b–e | 0.661 c–f | 0.626 e–h | 0.713 b–e | 0.676 B |
Zeolite | 0.721 b–d | 0.629 d–h | 0.701b–e | 0.820 a | 0.718 A |
Average | 0.681 II | 0.602 IV | 0.632 III | 0.725 I |
Object | C0 | Cu2+ | Ni2+ | Zn2+ | Average |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Shoots | |||||
Control | 25.27 cd | 25.29 b–d | 11.72 f | 27.52 a–c | 22.45 C |
Molecular sieve | 27.26 a–c | 26.41 a–d | 29.76 a | 28.31 a–c | 27.93 A |
Halloysite | 27.66 a–c | 27.46 a–c | 17.23 e | 29.29 a | 25.41 B |
Sepiolite | 27.04 a–c | 29.75 a | 27.11 a–c | 28.19 a–c | 28.02 A |
Expanded clay | 26.36 a–d | 28.82 a–c | 13.35 f | 27.81 a–c | 24.08 B |
Biochar | 29.89 a | 28.88 ab | 23.21 d | 29.71 a | 27.92 A |
Zeolite | 29.06 a | 28.49 a–c | 22.99 d | 26.91 a–c | 26.86 A |
Average | 27.51 I | 27.87 I | 20.77 II | 28.25 I | |
Roots | |||||
Control | 5.18 h–j | 4.72 i–j | 2.81 l | 6.32 c–h | 4.76 B |
Molecular sieve | 5.89 e–i | 4.84 ij | 5.78 f–i | 8.00 b | 6.13 A |
Halloysite | 7.63 bc | 7.22 b–e | 2.98 l | 7.70 bc | 6.38 A |
Sepiolite | 6.06 d–i | 5.02 h–j | 4.13 j–l | 9.66 a | 6.22 A |
Expanded clay | 5.63 g–i | 5.31 h–j | 3.03 l | 6.44 c–h | 5.10 B |
Biochar | 5.80 e–i | 5.55 g–j | 3.01 l | 6.89 b–g | 5.31 B |
Zeolite | 7.15 b–f | 7.49 b–c | 3.30 kl | 8.14 b | 6.52 A |
Average | 6.19 II | 5.74 III | 3.58 IV | 7.59 I |
Object | C0 | Cu2+ | Ni2+ | Zn2+ |
---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 35.99 a–c | 35.63 a–c | 21.88 ef | 34.14 a–c |
Molecular sieve | 34.71 a–c | 33.88 a–c | 33.15 b–d | 35.56 a–c |
Halloysite | 38.64 ab | 36.01 a–c | 27.46 e | 38.63 ab |
Sepiolite | 35.18 a–c | 37.53 a–c | 34.15 a–c | 36.83 a–c |
Expanded clay | 35.24 a–c | 36.95 a–c | 21.34 f | 36.76 a–c |
Biochar | 39.14 a | 32.78 b–d | 32.73 b–d | 37.31 a–c |
Zeolite | 33.49 a–c | 32.90 b–d | 32.55 cd | 38.21 a–c |
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Wyszkowska, J.; Borowik, A.; Zaborowska, M.; Kucharski, J. Mitigation of the Adverse Impact of Copper, Nickel, and Zinc on Soil Microorganisms and Enzymes by Mineral Sorbents. Materials 2022, 15, 5198. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15155198
Wyszkowska J, Borowik A, Zaborowska M, Kucharski J. Mitigation of the Adverse Impact of Copper, Nickel, and Zinc on Soil Microorganisms and Enzymes by Mineral Sorbents. Materials. 2022; 15(15):5198. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15155198
Chicago/Turabian StyleWyszkowska, Jadwiga, Agata Borowik, Magdalena Zaborowska, and Jan Kucharski. 2022. "Mitigation of the Adverse Impact of Copper, Nickel, and Zinc on Soil Microorganisms and Enzymes by Mineral Sorbents" Materials 15, no. 15: 5198. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15155198