Investigation of Protein Corona Formed around Biologically Produced Gold Nanoparticles
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Cultivation of Fungi and Preparation of AuNPs
2.2. Characterization of the AuNPs
2.2.1. Characterization of the AuNPs Using Visible Spectrophotometry
2.2.2. TEM and EDS
2.2.3. Characterization of the AuNPs: Z-Potential and DLS Measurements
2.2.4. FTIR
2.3. Preparation of the Plasma
2.4. Preparation of Hard Protein Corona
2.5. Detection of the Hard Protein Corona
2.5.1. Detection of the Hard Protein Corona Using Visible Spectrophotometry
2.5.2. Detection of the Hard Protein Corona: Z-Potential and DLS Measurements
2.5.3. SDS-PAGE
2.5.4. LC-MS Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Fungal Culturing and AuNP Production
3.2. Characterization of AuNPs
3.2.1. Characterization of AuNPs Using Visible Spectrophotometry
3.2.2. TEM Characterizations
3.2.3. Characterization of AuNPs: Z-Potential and DLS Measurements
3.2.4. FTIR Characterization
3.3. Detection of the Hard Protein Corona
3.3.1. Detection of the Hard Protein Corona Using Visible Spectrophotometry
3.3.2. Detection of the Hard Protein Corona: Z-Potential and DLS Measurements
3.4. SDS-PAGE and Detected Protein Coronas
3.5. LC-MS Analysis and Proteomics Data
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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AuNP Samples Before Protein Corona Formation | Mean | SD |
Size of “cold” (nm) | 37.9 | 5.70 |
Size of “hot” (nm) | 13.1 | 2.10 |
Zeta potential (mV) of “cold” | −39.4 | 0.65 |
Zeta potential (mV) of “hot” | −35.8 | 1.17 |
AuNP Samples After Protein Corona Formation | Mean | SD |
Size of “cold” peak I (nm) | 109.3 | 23.12 |
peak II (nm) | 267.0 | 0 |
Size of “hot” peak I (nm) | 86.7 | 25.04 |
peak II (nm) | NA | NA |
Zeta potential (mV) of “cold” | −37.7 | 5.13 |
Zeta potential (mV) of “hot” | −30.5 | 4.15 |
Protein ID | Description | Accession | Total Coverage (%) | Peptides | Unique | Avg. Mass |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
28 | Fibrinogen beta chain OS = Rattus norvegicus OX = 10,116 GN = Fgb PE = 1 SV = 4 | P14480|FIBB_RAT | 42 | 24 | 15 | 54,235 |
556 | Hemoglobin subunit alpha OS = Otospermophilus beecheyi OX = 34,862 PE = 1 SV = 1 | B3EWC9|HBA_OTOBE | 52 | 8 | 4 | 15,023 |
92 | Fibrinogen beta chain OS = Cavia porcellus OX = 10,141 GN = FGB PE = 4 SV = 2 | tr|H0VD80|H0VD80_CAVPO | 28 | 16 | 6 | 54,105 |
258 | Fibrinogen beta chain OS = Oryctolagus cuniculus OX = 9986 GN = FGB PE = 4 SV = 1 | tr|A0A5F9D3P7|A0A5F9D3P7_RABIT | 24 | 13 | 4 | 53,716 |
278 | Fibrinogen beta chain OS = Oryctolagus cuniculus OX = 9986 GN = FGB PE = 4 SV = 3 | tr|G1T0W8|G1T0W8_RABIT | 23 | 13 | 4 | 56,507 |
818 | Hemoglobin subunit alpha OS = Blarina brevicauda OX = 9387 PE = 1 SV = 1 | B3EWE1|HBA_BLABR | 43 | 6 | 4 | 14,995 |
63 | Keratin 5 OS = Oryctolagus cuniculus OX = 9986 GN = KRT5 PE = 3 SV = 1 | tr|A0A5F9CNQ8|A0A5F9CNQ8_RABIT | 32 | 26 | 6 | 60,612 |
59 | Keratin 10 OS = Oryctolagus cuniculus OX = 9986 GN = KRT10 PE = 3 SV = 1 | tr|A0A5F9D8K0|A0A5F9D8K0_RABIT | 26 | 20 | 0 | 59,920 |
60 | Keratin 10 OS = Oryctolagus cuniculus OX = 9986 GN = KRT10 PE = 3 SV = 2 | tr|G1T1V0|G1T1V0_RABIT | 26 | 20 | 0 | 56,342 |
36 | Actin gamma 1 OS = Cavia porcellus OX = 10,141 GN = ACTG1 PE = 3 SV = 1 | tr|A0A286XYY5|A0A286XYY5_CAVPO | 55 | 18 | 7 | 41,793 |
95 | Keratin 10 OS = Myotis lucifugus OX = 59,463 GN = KRT10 PE = 3 SV = 1 | tr|G1P6A9|G1P6A9_MYOLU | 20 | 17 | 0 | 58,383 |
701 | Hemoglobin subunit alpha OS = Microtus pennsylvanicus OX = 10,058 PE = 1 SV = 1 | B3EWE3|HBA_MICPE | 45 | 8 | 3 | 15,073 |
120 | IF rod domain-containing protein OS = Cavia porcellus OX = 10,141 PE = 3 SV = 1 | tr|A0A286XNZ7|A0A286XNZ7_CAVPO | 23 | 17 | 2 | 58,626 |
363 | Hemoglobin subunit beta OS = Microtus pennsylvanicus OX = 10,058 PE = 1 SV = 1 | B3EWE4|HBB_MICPE | 62 | 9 | 6 | 15,677 |
585 | Hemoglobin subunit alpha OS = Peromyscus californicus OX = 42,520 PE = 1 SV = 1 | B3EWD5|HBA_PERCA | 68 | 8 | 2 | 14,869 |
1141 | Hemoglobin subunit alpha OS = Tamiasciurus hudsonicus OX = 10,009 PE = 1 SV = 1 | B3EWD7|HBA_TAMHU | 38 | 6 | 2 | 14,986 |
664 | Globin A1 OS = Myotis lucifugus OX = 59,463 GN = GLNA2 PE = 3 SV = 1 | tr|G1QEL0|G1QEL0_MYOLU | 47 | 8 | 4 | 15,885 |
437 | Hemoglobin subunit beta OS = Tamiasciurus hudsonicus OX = 10,009 PE = 1 SV = 1 | B3EWD8|HBB_TAMHU | 50 | 7 | 3 | 15,855 |
676 | Hemoglobin subunit beta OS = Otospermophilus beecheyi OX = 34,862 PE = 1 SV = 1 | B3EWD0|HBB_OTOBE | 31 | 6 | 3 | 15,825 |
767 | Hemoglobin subunit alpha OS = Sciurus carolinensis OX = 30,640 PE = 1 SV = 1 | B3EWD1|HBA_SCICA | 57 | 7 | 3 | 15,073 |
849 | Hemoglobin subunit alpha OS = Peromyscus crinitus OX = 144,753 PE = 1 SV = 1 | B3EWD3|HBA_PERCR | 48 | 6 | 2 | 14,986 |
426 | Hemoglobin subunit beta OS = Peromyscus crinitus OX = 144,753 PE = 1 SV = 1 | B3EWD4|HBB_PERCR | 47 | 6 | 1 | 15,807 |
727 | Biliverdin reductase B OS = Cavia porcellus OX = 10,141 GN = BLVRB PE = 4 SV = 1 | tr|H0UVS9|H0UVS9_CAVPO | 36 | 5 | 3 | 22,096 |
778 | Biliverdin reductase B OS = Myotis lucifugus OX = 59,463 GN = BLVRB PE = 4 SV = 1 | tr|G1P4F0|G1P4F0_MYOLU | 25 | 4 | 2 | 21,982 |
660 | Hemoglobin subunit alpha OS = Tamias merriami OX = 123,787 PE = 1 SV = 1 | B3EWC7|HBA_TAMMR | 62 | 7 | 4 | 15,061 |
774 | Hemoglobin subunit beta OS = Blarina brevicauda OX = 9387 PE = 1 SV = 1 | B3EWE2|HBB_BLABR | 27 | 4 | 1 | 15,795 |
730 | Hemoglobin subunit beta OS = Tamias striatus OX = 45,474 PE = 1 SV = 1 | B3EWE0|HBB_TAMST | 27 | 4 | 1 | 15,869 |
795 | Hemoglobin subunit alpha OS = Vicugna pacos OX = 30,538 GN = HBA PE = 1 SV = 1 | P67816|HBA_VICPA | 38 | 4 | 2 | 15,126 |
896 | Hemoglobin subunit alpha OS = Lama vicugna OX = 9843 GN = HBA PE = 1 SV = 1 | P07425|HBA_LAMVI | 38 | 4 | 2 | 15,142 |
880 | Hemoglobin subunit alpha OS = Tamias striatus OX = 45,474 PE = 1 SV = 1 | B3EWD9|HBA_TAMST | 37 | 4 | 1 | 15,154 |
839 | Glutathione peroxidase OS = Oryctolagus cuniculus OX = 9986 PE = 3 SV = 1 | tr|A0A5F9CNR1|A0A5F9CNR1_RABIT | 21 | 4 | 2 | 23,298 |
1065 | Ubiquitin-like domain-containing protein OS = Oryctolagus cuniculus OX = 9986 PE = 4 SV = 1 | tr|A0A5F9CP41|A0A5F9CP41_RABIT | 44 | 3 | 3 | 8694 |
1067 | 60S ribosomal protein L40 OS = Takifugu rubripes OX = 31,033 GN = uba52 PE = 3 SV = 1 | tr|H2SBM2|H2SBM2_TAKRU | 27 | 3 | 3 | 14,745 |
1068 | 60S ribosomal protein L40 OS = Cavia porcellus OX = 10,141 GN = Uba52 PE = 3 SV = 1 | tr|A0A286XB24|A0A286XB24_CAVPO | 27 | 3 | 3 | 14,728 |
Protein ID | Description | Accession | Coverage (%) | Peptides | Unique | Avg. Mass |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HHot | ||||||
1383 | Ubiquitin OS = Encephalitozoon cuniculi (strain GB-M1) OX = 284,813 GN = ECU02_0740i PE = 1 SV = 1 | Q8SWD4|UBIQ_ENCCU | 12 | 1 | 1 | 8714 |
Cold | ||||||
1389 | Ubiquitin-60S ribosomal protein L40 OS = Neurospora crassa (strain ATCC 24,698/74-OR23-1A/CBS 708.71/DSM 1257/FGSC 987) OX = 367,110 GN = crp-79 PE = 1 SV = 2 | P0C224|RL40_NEUCR | 20 | 2 | 2 | 14,637 |
1386 | Ubiquitin-60S ribosomal protein L40 OS = Schizosaccharomyces pombe (strain 972/ATCC 24843) OX = 284,812 GN = uep1 PE = 1 SV = 1 | P0CH07|RL402_SCHPO | 20 | 2 | 2 | 14,595 |
1387 | Ubiquitin-60S ribosomal protein L40 OS = Saccharomyces cerevisiae (strain ATCC 204508/S288c) OX = 559,292 GN = RPL40A PE = 1 SV = 1 | P0CH08|RL40A_YEAST | 20 | 2 | 2 | 14,554 |
1388 | Ubiquitin-60S ribosomal protein L40 OS = Saccharomyces cerevisiae (strain ATCC 204508/S288c) OX = 559,292 GN = RPL40B PE = 1 SV = 1 | P0CH09|RL40B_YEAST | 20 | 2 | 2 | 14,554 |
1390 | Ubiquitin-60S ribosomal protein L40 OS = Schizosaccharomyces pombe (strain 972/ATCC 24843) OX = 284,812 GN = ubi1 PE = 1 SV = 1 | P0CH06|RL401_SCHPO | 20 | 2 | 2 | 14,595 |
1391 | Ubiquitin-60S ribosomal protein L40 OS = Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans serotype D (strain JEC21/ATCC MYA-565) OX = 214,684 GN = UBI1 PE = 1 SV = 2 | P40909|RL40_CRYNJ | 19 | 2 | 2 | 14,653 |
1397 | Ubiquitin-40S ribosomal protein S27b OS = Schizosaccharomyces pombe (strain 972/ATCC 24843) OX = 284,812 GN = ubi5 PE = 1 SV = 2 | P0C8R3|RS27B_SCHPO | 17 | 2 | 2 | 17,215 |
1393 | Ubiquitin-40S ribosomal protein S27a OS = Schizosaccharomyces pombe (strain 972/ATCC 24843) OX = 284,812 GN = ubi3 PE = 1 SV = 2 | P0C016|RS27A_SCHPO | 17 | 2 | 2 | 17,258 |
1394 | Ubiquitin-40S ribosomal protein S31 OS = Saccharomyces cerevisiae (strain ATCC 204508/S288c) OX = 559,292 GN = RPS31 PE = 1 SV = 3 | P05759|RS31_YEAST | 16 | 2 | 2 | 17,216 |
1395 | Polyubiquitin OS = Candida albicans OX = 5476 GN = UBI1 PE = 1 SV = 1 | P0CG73|UBI1P_CANAX | 11 | 2 | 2 | 25,755 |
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Pourali, P.; Neuhöferová, E.; Dzmitruk, V.; Benson, V. Investigation of Protein Corona Formed around Biologically Produced Gold Nanoparticles. Materials 2022, 15, 4615. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15134615
Pourali P, Neuhöferová E, Dzmitruk V, Benson V. Investigation of Protein Corona Formed around Biologically Produced Gold Nanoparticles. Materials. 2022; 15(13):4615. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15134615
Chicago/Turabian StylePourali, Parastoo, Eva Neuhöferová, Volha Dzmitruk, and Veronika Benson. 2022. "Investigation of Protein Corona Formed around Biologically Produced Gold Nanoparticles" Materials 15, no. 13: 4615. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15134615