In-Situ Nano-Auger Probe of Chloride-Ions during CH3NH3PbI3−xClx Perovskite Formation

Vidyasagar, Devthade; Yun, Yong-Han; Shin, Seunghak; Jung, Jina; Park, Woosung; Lee, Jin-Wook; Han, Gill Sang; Ko, Changhyun; Lee, Sangwook

doi:10.3390/ma14051102

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In-Situ Nano-Auger Probe of Chloride-Ions during CH₃NH₃PbI_3−xCl_x Perovskite Formation

^1,†

^1,†,

¹,

¹,

^2,3,

⁴,

^5,*,

^3,6,*

and

Sangwook Lee

^1,*

School of Materials Science and Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daeug 41566, Korea

Division of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea

Institute of Advanced Materials and Systems, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea

⁴

SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT) and Department of Nanoengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea

⁵

School of Advanced Materials Science & Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea

⁶

Department of Applied Physics, College of Engineering, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea

Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.

^†

These authors contributed equally.

Academic Editor: Lucia Nasi

Materials 2021, 14(5), 1102; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14051102

Received: 2 February 2021 / Revised: 15 February 2021 / Accepted: 22 February 2021 / Published: 26 February 2021

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Crystal Growth and Defect Engineering for Metal Halide Perovskite Optoelectronics)

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Abstract

Organo-halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have emerged as next-generation photovoltaics, owing to their high power-conversion efficiency (PCE), lower production cost, and high flexibility. ABX₃-structured methylammonium lead triiodide (CH₃NH₃PbI₃ or MAPbI₃) perovskite is a widely studied light-absorbing material in PSCs. Interestingly, a small amount of chlorine incorporation into MAPbI₃ increases charge carrier diffusion lengths (from 129 nm to 1069 nm), which enables planar structured PSCs with high PCEs. However, existence of chloride ions in the final perovskite film is still under debate. Contrastingly, few studies reported a negligible amount or absence of chloride ions in the final film, while others reported detection of chloride ions in the final film. Herein, we observed the microstructure and chlorine content of MAPbI_3−xCl_x thin films with increasing temperature via an in-situ nano-Auger spectroscopy and in-situ scanning electron microscopic analysis. The relative precipitation of MAPbI_3−xCl_x films occur at lower temperature and MAPbI_3−xCl_x grains grow faster than those of MAPbI₃ grains. Local concentrations of chlorine at intragrain and the vicinity of grain boundary were analyzed to understand the behavior and role of the chloride ions during the microstructural evolution of the MAPbI_3−xCl_x films. View Full-Text

Keywords: perovskite; MAPbI_3−xCl_x; nano-auger

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MDPI and ACS Style

Vidyasagar, D.; Yun, Y.-H.; Shin, S.; Jung, J.; Park, W.; Lee, J.-W.; Han, G.S.; Ko, C.; Lee, S. In-Situ Nano-Auger Probe of Chloride-Ions during CH₃NH₃PbI_3−xCl_x Perovskite Formation. Materials 2021, 14, 1102. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14051102

AMA Style

Vidyasagar D, Yun Y-H, Shin S, Jung J, Park W, Lee J-W, Han GS, Ko C, Lee S. In-Situ Nano-Auger Probe of Chloride-Ions during CH₃NH₃PbI_3−xCl_x Perovskite Formation. Materials. 2021; 14(5):1102. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14051102

Chicago/Turabian Style

Vidyasagar, Devthade, Yong-Han Yun, Seunghak Shin, Jina Jung, Woosung Park, Jin-Wook Lee, Gill S. Han, Changhyun Ko, and Sangwook Lee. 2021. "In-Situ Nano-Auger Probe of Chloride-Ions during CH₃NH₃PbI_3−xCl_x Perovskite Formation" Materials 14, no. 5: 1102. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14051102

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In-Situ Nano-Auger Probe of Chloride-Ions during CH₃NH₃PbI_3−xCl_x Perovskite Formation

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