Nanotechnology in Fire Protection—Application and Requirements
Abstract
:1. Fire Protection—Introduction
2. Legal Requirements
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- Loadbearing capacity (R)—ability of the trial element of the load-bearing structure element to support the test load without exceeding certain criteria in terms of both the magnitude and the rate of deflection.
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- Integrity (E)—ability of a test piece separating building structure elements to prevent the passage of flames and hot gases and to prevent the appearance of flames on an unheated surface.
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- Thermal Insulation (I)—ability of a test piece separating structural elements, when exposed to fire on one side, to limit the rise in temperature of the unheated surface below specified levels.
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3. Nanomaterials in Personal Protection
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- Protecting against minimal risks (Category I).
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- Protecting against a specific factor that does not threaten life or health and does not cause permanent damage to the health of the employee (Category II).
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- Specialist clothing, the task of which is to protect against factors that may cause the most dangerous consequences for the worker, and the direct effects of which cannot be identified in a timely manner, protective clothing of complex construction to protect against the threat to life or health of the worker, including a firefighter (Category III) [26].
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- Fire, hot air, heat radiation, hot water, and steam. High or low temperature.
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- Chemicals, including foaming agents.
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- Gases generated during combustion or leaking from the installation.
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- Biological agents such as viruses, bacteria, and dangerous organisms.
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- Other elements such as glass, metal, sharp objects, and electric discharges [28].
3.1. Protective Clothing
3.2. Respiratory System
4. Nanostructures in Tools in Fire Protection
4.1. Smoke Detectors
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- clean CNF.
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- CNF loaded with metal nanoparticles (NPs).
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- CNF loaded with metal oxides nanoparticles (NPMOs).
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- CNF loaded with metal alloys.
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- other [81].
4.2. Extinguishing
5. Nanoadditives in Industrial Products
5.1. Carbon and Halloysite Nanotubes as Nanoadditives
5.2. Nanoparticles of Silica as Nanoadditives
5.3. Substances with a Layered or Coniferous Structure as Nanoadditives
5.4. Examples of the Use of Nanoadditives in Industrial Products
6. The Hazards of Nanosubstances
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AAM | Acrylamide |
AATCC | American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists |
BBB | Blood-Brain Barrier |
CCOHS | Canadian Center for Occupational Health and Safety |
CEA | The European Insurance and Reinsurance Federation |
CFPA | Europe—Confederation of Fire Protection Associations Europe |
CNF | Carbon Nanofibers |
DWNT | Double-Wall Carbon Nanotubes |
EN | European Standard |
EOTA | European Organization for Technical Approvals |
ETA | European Technical Assessments |
ETAG | European Technical Approval Guideline |
EU | European Union |
FPC | Firefighter’s Protective Clothing |
FR-GT | Flame-Resistant Gel/Textiles |
FRT | Flame-Resistant Textiles |
LOI | Limited Oxygen Index |
MEC | Minimum Explosible Concentration |
MFB | Metropolitan Fire Brigade |
MMT | Montmorillonite |
MPIA | Poly(m-phenylene isophthalamide) |
NFPA | National Fire Protection Association |
NIOSH | US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health |
NPMOs | Metal Oxides Nanoparticles |
NPMs | Metal Nanoparticles |
NPs | Nanoparticles |
OSHA | Occupational Safety and Health Administration |
PAAM | Polyacrylamide |
PC/PDMS | Polycarbonate/Polydimethylsiloxane |
PCM | Phase-Change Materials |
PDMS | Polydimethylsiloxane |
PD-T, PPDT, or PPTA | Poly(m-phenylene terephthalamide) |
PEGDA | Polyethylene Glycol Diacrylate |
PMC | Polymer Matrix Composites |
PN-EN | Polish Standard implementing the European Standard |
POSS | Polysilsesquioxanes |
PPD-T | Poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) |
PPE | Personal Protective Equipment |
PTFE | Polytetrafluoroethylene |
QD-LED | Quantum Dot Light Emitting Device |
REI | Fire Resistance |
REL | Recommended Exposure Limit |
rGO | Reduced Graphene Oxide |
SMM | Shape Memory Materials |
VdS | VdS Schadenverhütung GmbH |
VOC | Volatile Organic Compound |
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The Scope of the Requirements | Document | Characteristics | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Fire brigades/CA | OSHS, 1910.156 | It specifies the requirements for, inter alia, organization, training, and personal protective equipment of the fire brigade | [10] |
Protective clothing and equipment for firefighting/US | NFPA 1977 | It specifies the minimum design, performance, testing, and certification requirements for elements of protective clothing and firefighting equipment in wild and urban areas, including protective clothing, protective helmets, protective gloves, protective footwear, goggles, and chain saw protectors; and for load carrying equipment. | [11] |
Fire Code/US | NFPA 1 | Refers to over 130 codes and standards of NFPA®, including, but not limited to, industry patterns; includes, among other things, inspections of permanent and temporary buildings, processes, equipment, inspection of construction plans, drawings, and specifications for safety systems. | [12] |
Fire truck/US | NFPA 1901 | Requirements for new automotive fire-fighting devices and trailers intended for the transport of personnel and equipment in emergency conditions. | [13] |
Sprinkler System Installation/US | NFPA 13 | It specifies the minimum requirements for the design and installation of automatic fire sprinkler systems; does not include requirements for the design or installation of water mist fire protection systems. | [14] |
Production of organic coatings/US | NFPA 35 | Used for facilities that use flammable liquids to produce organic coatings for automotive, industrial, institutional, home, marine, printing, transportation, and other applications; does not include, inter alia, spray application with combustible materials, dipping, coating, and printing processes using combustible liquids. | [15] |
Prevention, preparedness, and response to chemical accidents/UE | CFPA-E Guideline No 18: 2013 F | It concerns the prevention of chemical accidents; application to buildings (plants) producing chemicals and define preventive and emergency measures that help reduce damage after a fire or explosion (including, inter alia, synthesis, physical operations such as formulation and standardization, in production and pilot plants); does not apply to warehouses, tanks, and laboratories. | [16] |
Building sites/UE | CFPA-E Guideline No 21: 2021 F | Intended for construction works, including renovation; the target group are, among other clients, developers, contractors, emergency services, fire consultants, insurers; the guidelines apply to larger buildings, they do not concern fire protection problems and solutions for underground construction works. | [17] |
Fire classification of construction products and building elements/UE | EN 13501–1: 2018 | Classification of construction products in terms of fire behavior and fire resistance; the following are essential: maintaining the load-bearing capacity of the structure and fire spreading conditions; it is necessary to demonstrate the fire resistance of the load-bearing and/or room-separating building elements over time; introduces Euroclasses. | [18] |
Fire protection products/UE | ETAG 018–1–3 | Requirements for performance, criteria for assessing fire protection products in facilities; division into three groups of products and sets. | [19] |
Basic protective clothing for a firefighter/PL | EN 469: 2020 | Specifies the basic protective clothing for a firefighter, which is used during firefighting actions and related activities; deals with the layouts of fabrics used in garments, accessories, seams, and structures. | [20] |
Protective clothing against chemicals/PL | EN 14325: 2018 | Specifies test methods and classification of materials, seams, permanent and separable joints used in chemical protective clothing. | [21] |
The Morphology of the Nanoadditive | Type of Nanoadditive | Modified Material | Thermal Resistance | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
one-dimensional | modified halloysite nanotubes | polypropylene | increased | [110] |
modified carbon nanotubes with double walls | silicone rubber | reduced | [111] | |
unmodified carbon nanotubes with double walls | silicone rubber | increased | [111] | |
modified carbon nanotubes with double walls | poly(methyl methacrylate) | increased | [112] | |
unmodified halloysite nanotubes | silicone rubber | reduced | [113] | |
two-dimensional | montmorillonite | poly(methyl methacrylate) | increased | [114] |
three-dimensional | hydrophobized nanosilica | silicone rubber | increased | [115] |
hydrophilic nanosilica | silicone rubber | reduced | [116] | |
hydrophilic nanosilica | polyethylene terephthalate | increased | [117] |
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Rabajczyk, A.; Zielecka, M.; Popielarczyk, T.; Sowa, T. Nanotechnology in Fire Protection—Application and Requirements. Materials 2021, 14, 7849. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14247849
Rabajczyk A, Zielecka M, Popielarczyk T, Sowa T. Nanotechnology in Fire Protection—Application and Requirements. Materials. 2021; 14(24):7849. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14247849
Chicago/Turabian StyleRabajczyk, Anna, Maria Zielecka, Tomasz Popielarczyk, and Tomasz Sowa. 2021. "Nanotechnology in Fire Protection—Application and Requirements" Materials 14, no. 24: 7849. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14247849