Influence of Wood Fly Ash on Concrete Properties through Filling Effect Mechanism
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Characterisation of Fly Ash and Cement
2.2. Concrete Mix Design
2.3. Testing Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Fresh Concrete Properties
- Reduced interparticle friction during flow caused by the spherical shape and plain surface of admixture particles—ball-bearing effect [60].
- Adsorption of admixture particles on the surface of the cement particles due to electrical charges, which deflocculates the cement particles and increases mobility [59].
- Replacement with a filler containing large particles (>45 µm) [60].
3.2. Heat Generation
3.3. Compressive Strength
3.4. Stiffness Development
3.5. Apparent Porosity and Capillary Absorption
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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CEM | F4 | F5 | F6 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Combustion technology | Grate combustor | Grate combustor | Bubbling fluidized bed | |
Incineration temperature (°C) | - | 700–950 | up to 800 | up to 850 |
Additive used | - | - | Quartz sand | |
Type of wood | beech, oak, fir, spruce | beech, oak, hornbeam | beech, oak, hornbeam, poplar | |
P2O5 | 0.22 | 1.82 | 1.35 | 4.03 |
Na2O | 0.85 | 0.65 | 1.32 | 0.63 |
K2O | 1.25 | 6.05 | 4.77 | 6.21 |
CaO | 59.80 | 46.75 | 16.25 | 47.35 |
MgO | 2.01 | 8.26 | 4.30 | 4.71 |
Al2O3 | 4.94 | 6.16 | 10.50 | 3.56 |
TiO2 | 0.23 | 0.34 | 1.17 | 0.25 |
Fe2O3 | 3.15 | 2.85 | 4.23 | 1.69 |
SiO2 | 21.88 | 19.80 | 39.95 | 14.45 |
SO3 | 3.33 | 2.73 | 0.60 | 3.95 |
CaCO3 | 6.56 | 8.13 | 7.12 | 26.94 |
Pozzolanic oxides (SiO2 + Al2O3 + Fe2O3) | 29.97 | 28.81 | 54.68 | 19.70 |
Alkalies (Na2O + 0.658 K2O) | 1.67 | 4.63 | 4.59 | 4.72 |
LOI (at 950 °C) | 3.60 | 3.80 | 8.30 | 12.70 |
pH | 12.86 | 13.15 | 12.97 | 13.22 |
d50 (µm) | 9.4 | 71.9 | 120.7 | 17.8 |
SSA 1 (kg/m2) | 796 | 223 | 180 | 627 |
Density (g/cm3) | 3.10 | 2.59 | 2.63 | 2.33 |
Bulk density (g/cm3) | - | 0.91 | 0.61 | 0.55 |
Mix Designation | M0 | F4-15 | F4-30 | F5-15 | F5-30 | F5-45 | F6-5 | F6-15 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cement (kg) | 380 | 323 | 266 | 323 | 266 | 209 | 361 | 323 |
WFA cement replacement (%) | 0 | 15 | 30 | 15 | 30 | 45 | 5 | 15 |
WFA content (kg) | 0 | 57 | 114 | 57 | 114 | 171 | 19 | 57 |
Cement + WFA (kg) | 380 | |||||||
w/(cem. + WFA) ratio | 0.5 | |||||||
Water (kg) | 190 | |||||||
Aggregate (kg) | 1821 | 1811 | 1801 | 1811 | 1801 | 1791 | 1816 | 1805 |
Fine aggregate (kg) | 648 | 645 | 641 | 645 | 641 | 638 | 646 | 643 |
Coarse aggregate (kg) | 1173 | 1167 | 1160 | 1167 | 1160 | 1154 | 1169 | 1162 |
Mix Designation | M0 | F4-15 | F4-30 | F5-15 | F5-30 | F5-45 | F6-5 | F6-15 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fresh density (kg/m3) | 2470 | 2470 | 2460 | 2470 | 2450 | 2440 | 2480 | 2500 |
Initial temperature (°C) | 22.2 | 23.6 | 25.1 | 23.2 | 23.3 | 23.3 | 24.4 | 22.2 |
Air content (%) | 1.0 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 1.4 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 1.6 |
Slump (mm) | 90 | 100 | 40 | 85 | 90 | 90 | 110 | 5 |
Bulk dry density (kg/m3) | 2371 | 2360 | 2348 | 2363 | 2350 | 2319 | 2373 | 2390 |
(±8) | (±16) | (±13) | (±13) | (±15) | (±20) | (±24) | (±8) | |
Bulk saturated density (kg/m3) | 2506 | 2499 | 2484 | 2500 | 2485 | 2464 | 2503 | 2514 |
(±6) | (±12) | (±10) | (±15) | (±10) | (±12) | (±17) | (±6) | |
Apparent solid density (kg/m3) | 2743 | 2742 | 2718 | 2739 | 2719 | 2713 | 2726 | 2728 |
(±4) | (±4) | (±6) | (±22) | (±5) | (±3) | (±8) | (±2) | |
Apparent porosity (%) | 13.57 | 13.93 | 13.60 | 13.73 | 13.57 | 14.52 | 12.94 | 12.40 |
(±0.17) | (±0.48) | (±0.30) | (±0.21) | (±0.49) | (±0.85) | (±0.64) | (±0.27) | |
Compressive strength (MPa) | 45.9 (±0.9) | 43.2 (±0.3) | 31.9 (±1.4) | 45.3 (±0.6) | 37.3 (±1.5) | 30.1 (±0.8) | 48.9 (±1.2) | 54.5 (±0.9) |
Capillary absorption coefficient (kg/(m2h0.5)) | 1.28 (±0.07) | 1.22 (±0.11) | 1.24 (±0.04) | 1.30 (±0.11) | 1.35 (±0.13) | 1.30 (±0.18) | 0.99 (±0.20) | 1.02 (±0.07) |
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Gabrijel, I.; Jelčić Rukavina, M.; Štirmer, N. Influence of Wood Fly Ash on Concrete Properties through Filling Effect Mechanism. Materials 2021, 14, 7164. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14237164
Gabrijel I, Jelčić Rukavina M, Štirmer N. Influence of Wood Fly Ash on Concrete Properties through Filling Effect Mechanism. Materials. 2021; 14(23):7164. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14237164
Chicago/Turabian StyleGabrijel, Ivan, Marija Jelčić Rukavina, and Nina Štirmer. 2021. "Influence of Wood Fly Ash on Concrete Properties through Filling Effect Mechanism" Materials 14, no. 23: 7164. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14237164