Chloride Transport Behaviour and Service Performance of Cracked Concrete Linings in Coastal Subway Tunnels
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Indoor Experiments of Chloride Penetration in Cracked Concrete Lining
2.1. Experimental Background
2.1.1. Investigation of Chloride Ion Concentration in a Subway Service Environment
2.1.2. Erosion Mechanism of Cracking Concrete Lining
2.2. Experimental Preparation
2.2.1. Raw Materials and Mix Proportions
2.2.2. Sample Preparation
2.3. Results and Discussion
2.3.1. Effect of Crack Width and Length on Chloride Distribution
2.3.2. Chloride Diffusion Coefficient in Cracked Specimens
3. Numerical Simulations
3.1. Model Establishment
- (1)
- Concrete rarely contains appreciable chloride ions in the initial conditions; thus, the initial chloride content inside the specimen was set to C(x,0) = 0.
- (2)
- The boundary condition of the surface chloride content was set to be consistent with the indoor experiments.
- (3)
- Chloride penetration represents the ability of free chloride ions to diffuse from high to low concentrations in the specimen. The chloride diffusion coefficient is greater in the cracked areas than in the uncracked areas. These areas are thus defined separately based on the experimental data.
- (4)
- Transient analysis was used because the chloride content in the specimens varied with time. The transient analysis of each time step was chosen as one day for a total time of 90 days.
3.2. Results and Discussion
3.3. Prediction of Service Life of Cracked Concrete Lining
3.3.1. Prediction Guidelines
3.3.2. Analysis of Service Life Prediction Results
4. Treatment Measures for Structural Durability
4.1. Voids behind the Lining
4.2. Lining Surface Cracks
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- An inspection of subway tunnels in coastal cities indicates that these service environments often contain high concentrations of chloride ions.
- (2)
- Indoor experiments show that the chloride ion concentration in a concrete protective layer increases with increasing crack width and crack depth. The effect of crack depth on chloride ion attack in the protective layer is therefore more substantial than that of crack width.
- (3)
- According to numerical simulations performed to calculate the chloride permeability of a cracked lining structure and to predict its service life, the service life of an intact concrete protection layer with a thickness of 50 mm is 129 years, which meets the structural durability requirements. However, for crack depths that exceed 20 mm, the service life is less than 100 years. Crack depth therefore has a significant impact on the service life of subway tunnels.
- (4)
- Measures to effectively treat subway tunnel damage can enhance the tunnel safety and service life. A series of treatment measures are proposed herein to improve the durability of the lining structure caused by tunnel damage.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Corrosion Level | Chloride Ion Concentration in Groundwater (mg/L) | |
---|---|---|
Long-Term Immersion | Alternating Wet and Dry Cycles | |
Micro-corrosion | <10,000 | <100 |
Weak corrosion | 10,000–20,000 | 100–500 |
Moderate corrosion | - | 500–5000 |
High corrosion | - | >5000 |
NO. | Cement | w/b | Fine Aggregate | Coarse Aggregate | Water | S.P. | F.A. | S.L. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C45 | 360 | 0.35 | 750 | 1035 | 158 | 6.3 | 40 | 50 |
Table. | Crack Width (mm) | Crack Depth (mm) |
---|---|---|
1 | 0 | 0 |
2 | 0.05 | 10 |
3 | 0.1 | 10 |
4 | 0.2 | 10 |
5 | 0.1 | 5 |
6 | 0.1 | 20 |
Crack Depth (mm). | Crack Width (mm) | D(w) (×10−12 m2/s) | f(w) | R2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 0 | 6.0018 | 1 | 0.9905 |
5 | 0.1 | 10.8619 | 1.81 | 0.9861 |
10 | 0.05 | 16.3474 | 2.72 | 0.9772 |
10 | 0.1 | 20.1550 | 3.36 | 0.9896 |
10 | 0.2 | 23.2607 | 3.88 | 0.9679 |
20 | 0.1 | 28.0135 | 4.67 | 0.9764 |
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Zhang, S.; Xu, Q.; Ren, R.; Sui, J.; Liu, C.; Yuan, C. Chloride Transport Behaviour and Service Performance of Cracked Concrete Linings in Coastal Subway Tunnels. Materials 2021, 14, 6663. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14216663
Zhang S, Xu Q, Ren R, Sui J, Liu C, Yuan C. Chloride Transport Behaviour and Service Performance of Cracked Concrete Linings in Coastal Subway Tunnels. Materials. 2021; 14(21):6663. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14216663
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Sulei, Qing Xu, Rui Ren, Jiahao Sui, Chang Liu, and Changfeng Yuan. 2021. "Chloride Transport Behaviour and Service Performance of Cracked Concrete Linings in Coastal Subway Tunnels" Materials 14, no. 21: 6663. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14216663
APA StyleZhang, S., Xu, Q., Ren, R., Sui, J., Liu, C., & Yuan, C. (2021). Chloride Transport Behaviour and Service Performance of Cracked Concrete Linings in Coastal Subway Tunnels. Materials, 14(21), 6663. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14216663