Meta-Wearable Antennas—A Review of Metamaterial Based Antennas in Wireless Body Area Networks
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Wearable Antennas Based on Composite Right/Left-Handed Transmission Lines (CRLH TLs)
2.1. Wearable Electrical Small Antennas (ESAs) Based on Zeroth-Order Resonance (ZOR)
2.2. Wearable Dual-Band Patch Antennas Based on CRLH TLs
3. Wearable Antennas Based on Metasurfaces
3.1. Single-Band Wearable Antennas with Metasurfaces
3.2. Dual-Band Wearable Antennas with Metasurfaces
- A dual-band antenna is first designed in the two frequency bands of interest.
- An AMC is designed to operate within the same two bands as the antenna.
- The AMC is integrated with the antenna and is optimized further in simulations via parametric study.
- The optimized structure is fabricated and measured.
4. Reconfigurable Wearable Antennas with Metamaterials
5. Conclusions
- The radiation properties of wearable antennas can be enhanced by restraining the surface wave and the coupling between antennas and the human body.
- A low-profile of a wearable antenna can be realized by using the zero-reflection phase available from metasurfaces such as AMC structures.
- The bandwidth of wearable antennas can be broadened by loading reactive metasurfaces.
- The direction of radiation and level of gain can be controlled by modification of the field distributions and propagation directions.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ref. | Frequency (GHz) | Bandwidth | Gain (dBi) | Size (λ2) | SAR (W/kg) | Substrate (εr) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[53] | 0.88/1.9 | 16%/29% | 0.06/2.2 | * 0.08(@0.88) | - | Substrate (2.41) |
[57] | 2.45/5.2 | 5.5%/11.2% | −3.5/6.6 | 0.16(@2.45) | 0.012/0.25 | Felt substrate (1.3) |
[58] | 2.45/5.4 | 3.8%/7.6% | −1.37/4.68 | 0.39(@2.45) | Felt substrate (1.3) | |
[77] | 2.4 | - | −5.2 | 0.01 | - | RT/Duroid 5880 (2.2) |
[78] | 2.4 | 3% | - | 0.04 | - | Substrate (2.2) |
[79] | 2.4 | 6.5% | 1.39 | 0.1 | - | Rodgers RO 3003 (3.0) |
[80] | 2.4 | 2.5% | −7 | - | - | RT/Duroid 5880 (2.2) |
Ref. | Frequency (GHz) | Bandwidth | Gain (dBi) | Size (λ2) | SAR (W/kg) | Substrate (εr) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[5] | 2.65 | * 8.6% (@2.3) ** 11.5% (@2.65) | 1.3 2.99 | 0.048 0.1 | 4.5 1.25 | Substrate (2.65) |
2.45/3.65 | 13.6% (@2.2) 15.7%/2.3% | - 4.25/7.35 | 0.036 (@2.45) 0.2 (@2.45) | - 0.65/0.37 | Substrate (2.65) | |
[61] | 2.45 | 12% 18% | 1.1 4.8 | 0.09 0.28 | 1.88 0.638 | Kapton polyimide (3.5) |
[62] | 2.4 | 15% 27% | - 7.8 | 0.04 0.14 | 2.7 0.0138 | Substrate (1.7) |
[63] | 2.4 | 14.5% 1.38% | 3.41 8.53 | 1.22 | 8.85 0.69 | Polyester (2.8) |
[64] | 2.45 | - 4.88% | - 6.88 | 0.17 | - 0.244 | RT/duroid 5880 (2.2) |
[65] | 2.45 | 44.8% 25% | 5.15 6.38 | 0.21 0.38 | 1.52 0.0072 | Rogers 3850 (2.9) |
[74] | 2.45 | - 3.6% | 4.2 | 0.05 | - 0.55 | FR-4 (4.3) |
[75] | 5.5 | - 15.8% | - 7.63 | - 0.25 | 0.198 | Substrate (2.7) |
[76] | 2.45 | 24% 16.3% | 4.37 7.7 | 0.11 0.54 | 2.71 0.04 | Substrate (1.6) |
[83] | 5.8 | 11% (@6.2) 10.7% (@5.8) | −3.83 −0.75 | 0.15 3.84 | 1.22 0.31 | Leather substrate (2.3) |
[84] | 3.5/5.7/10/14 | 153% (2.1–16) 149% (2.3–16) | 4.3 7.2 | 0.29 (@3.5) | - 0.1 | FR-4 (4.3) |
[85] | 2.45 | 81% 16.3% | 2.45 8.41 | 1.2 1.02 | 9.39 0.166 | RO3003 (3.0) |
[86] | 1.97 | 2% 2% | 2.8 4.6 | 0.006 0.05 | 1.4 0.7 | Antenna (3.5) AMC (10.2) |
[87] | 2.45 | 0% 5% | 4.17 2.32 | 0.16 | 4.2 0.714 | Styrofoam (1) |
[88] | 20–40 | 61% (20–37.52) 64.4% (20.52–40) | 7.4 10.3 | 2.5 (@28) 9.6 (@28) | - - | Substrate (2.2) |
[89] | 5.7–11 | 78% (5.25–12) 63% (5.7–11) | 3.5 7.5 | 0.48 (@8) 1.28 (@8) | - - | Panasonic R-F770 (-) |
[90] | 2.5 | 42% 52% | 0 3.38 | 1.38 | - 0.025 | Felt substrate (1.44) |
[93] | 2.45 | 8% 10% | −8.2 0.86 | - 1.3 | - - | Photo paper (-) |
[94] | 2.45 | 4.7% 5.5% | 2.0 6.2 | 0.078 0.15 | 11.3 0.48 | Rogers. RO3003 (3) |
[95] | 5.5 | 20% (5.5–6.75) 17% | 5.2 6.7 | 0.38 | - 0.43 | Wool felt (1.2) |
[96] | 2.45/5.8 | 32%/25.8% 8%/27.5% | 1.97/4.2 6.3/6.7 | 0.078 (@2.45) 0.25 (@2.45) | 21.41/7.57 0.414/0.9 | Felt substrate (1.22) |
[97] | 2.5/5.5 | 12%/41% 56%/32% | - | 0.14 (@2.5) 0.50 (@2.5) | - | Felt substrate (1.22) |
[99] | 2.45/5.5 | 17%/16% 4%/12% | 3.9/5.2 6.4/7.6 | 0.20 (@2.45) 0.96 (@2.45) | 7.819/6.808 0.043/0.097 | Felt substrate (1.38) |
[101] | 1.575/2.45 | - 7.6%/5.5% | - 1.98/1.94 | 0.20 (@1.575) | - 0.78/0.71 | Kevlar (1.66) |
[102] | 2.45/5.5 | - 12%/16.3% | - 2.5/4 | 0.67 (@2.45) | - 0.019/0.009 | Textile (1.3) |
[103] | 2.45/5.8 | 16.3%/3.4% 8%/6.8% | −4.1/2.33 5.2/7.7 | 0.05 (@2.45) 0.34 (@2.45) | 8.99/4.08 0.7/0.71 | Polyimide (3.5) |
[104] | 1.8/2.45 | 70% (1.3–2.7) 10.9%/5.08% | - 1–2 | 0.4 (@1.8) 0.81 (@1.8) | 5.77/6.62 0.024/0.016 | Jean (1.7) |
Ref. | Frequenncy (GHz) | Bandwidth | Gain (dBi) | Size (λ2) | SAR (W/kg) | Substrate (εr) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[105] | 2.4 | 0.086 (State1) 0.055 (State2) | 2.9 4.5 | 0.64 | 0.05 0.01 | Felt substrate (1.3) |
[106] | 2.92 | 10% (2.64–2.94) | −0.02 | 0.009 | - | Tortuous Cu mesh/PDMS (2.8) |
[107] | 2.45/3.3 | * - ** 7%/3% | 2.6/0.6 6.2/3.0 | ***0.5 (@2.45) | 2 0.29/- | RO3003 (3) |
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Zhang, K.; Soh, P.J.; Yan, S. Meta-Wearable Antennas—A Review of Metamaterial Based Antennas in Wireless Body Area Networks. Materials 2021, 14, 149. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14010149
Zhang K, Soh PJ, Yan S. Meta-Wearable Antennas—A Review of Metamaterial Based Antennas in Wireless Body Area Networks. Materials. 2021; 14(1):149. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14010149
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Kai, Ping Jack Soh, and Sen Yan. 2021. "Meta-Wearable Antennas—A Review of Metamaterial Based Antennas in Wireless Body Area Networks" Materials 14, no. 1: 149. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14010149