Are Zirconia Bioceramics and Ceramics Intended to Come in Contact with Skin Inert?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- -
- oxides: aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide;
- -
- non-oxides: carbides, borides, nitrides, ceramics composed of silicate and atoms such as tungsten, magnesium, platinum, or even titanium;
- -
- composite ceramics: combination of oxides and non-oxides.
1.1. Dental Ceramics
1.2. CeramicsIntended to Come in Contact with Skin
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Zirconia for Dental Applications
- ICP-OES: Al, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, P, S, Ti, V, Zn, As, Hg, Sb, Se.
- ICP-MS: Ba, Cd, Co, Hg, Li, Mo, Nb, Pb, Sb, Sn, Sr, Zn, Hf, Y, Zr.
- Fe (±22%), Cr, Cu, Mo, Ni, and Co (±17%) in 0.07 M HCl.
- Fe (±27%), Cr, Cu, Mo, Ni, and Co (±22%) in 0.1%NaF+0.1%KF.
2.2. Ceramics Intended to Come inContact with Skin
- -
- dissolving ceramics in a mixture of HNO3 60% and HF 40% ultrapure (Figure 4).
- -
- extraction in appropriate media: HCl 0.07 M solution [31] and artificial sweat, followed by the analysis of the cations release by ICP-OES Optima 8300 (Perkin Elmer, Waltham, MA, USA) and ICP-MS Elan DRC (Perkin Elmer, Waltham, MA, USA).
- -
- screening identification test for Ni, Co, Cu and Fe with the strips type Merckoquant® (Merck, Kenilworth, NJ, USA).
- Ni (II) ions form a red complex with dimethylglyoxime. Measuring range: 10–500 mg/L.
- Co (II) ions form with the thiocyanate ions a blue complex. Measuring range: 10–1000 mg/L.
- Cu (II) ions are reduced by a mixture of reducers in copper (I) ions. These form a purple complex with 2,2′-biquinoline (cuproin). Measuring range: 10–300 mg/L.
- Fe (II) ions together with 2,2′-bipyridine form a red complex. Measuring range: 3–500 mg/L.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Zirconia for DentalApplications
3.2. Ceramics Intended to Come inContact with Skin
3.2.1. Cermet Ceramic
- -
- major elements: Ni, Cr and a lower concentration of Co and Fe (minor elements).
- -
- traces: some of which exceed 5 ppm (Hg, Te and Cu). The Hg concentration reaches 100 ppm and Cu 13 ppm.
3.2.2. Zirconia Ceramics for Watch making Applications: White Ceramic Watch Link and Black Ceramic Watch Band
- -
- elements: Hf (1.5%), Y (0.2% + precipitation as fluoride), Ta (about 50 mg/kg) and Nb (5 mg/kg).
- -
- toxic elements such as Te (0.02% = 200 mg/kg) and Ba (30 mg/kg) as well asAs, Pb and Cd with a concentration between 5 and 30 mg/kg.
- -
- among the rare earths, only Sm was measured in a concentration of about 7 mg/kg.
- -
- elements: Cr (0.1%), Ni (0.02%) and Co (0.02%) are present in the composition of the black ceramic watch band.
3.2.3. Black Zirconia Ceramic Bracelet Component
- -
- elements: Hf (3wt.%), Y (0.05wt.%+fluoride precipitation), Ta (aprox. 10 mg/kg) and Nb (4 mg/kg).During dissolution in the HF/HNO3 mixture, yttrium fluoride precipitates.
- -
- toxic elements such as Te (50 mg/kg) and Ba (10 mg/kg), as well asSm and Pb with a concentration of approx. 10 mg/kg.
- -
- elements: Cr (0.1%) and Co (0.5%) are present in the composition of the black zirconia ceramic bracelet component.
3.2.4. Zirconia Ceramic Rings, Jewelry Components, Two Black and One White (Figure 22)
- -
- elements: Hf, Y, Nb and Ta.
- -
- toxic trace elements: Ba, As, Pb, Te, Cd and Hg in a concentration between 1mg/kg and 10 mg/kg.
- -
- ceramic F1 shows a Sb concentration of about 100 mg/kg.
- -
- among the rare earths, only Sm has been detected with a concentration of about 7 mg/kg.
- -
- in case of ceramic F1, the elements Cr, Ni and Co have a concentration order of 0.1wt.% (1000 mg/kg). Ceramic F3shows a Co concentration close to 0.4 wt.% (4000 mg/kg).
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Class | References | Form and Composition |
---|---|---|
Alumina-based ceramic | ISO 6574 | Dense sintered crystalline alumina A1203 |
99.9% porous alumina | ||
97% pure porous alumina | ||
Zirconia reinforced alumina | ||
Calcium-phosphate alumina | ||
Single crystal alumina | ||
Silicate-based ceramic | Porous vitroceramic | |
Dense vitroceramic | ||
Calcium-phosphate-based ceramic | Dense sintered hydroxy-apatite | |
Porous sintered hydroxy-apatite | ||
Dense sintered beta tricalcium phosphate | ||
Porous sintered beta tricalcium phosphate | ||
Other types | ||
Calcium carbonate-based ceramic | Porous sintered calcium carbonate | |
Natural porous calcium carbonate | ||
Zirconia-based ceramic | Alumina stabilized zirconia | |
Yttria partially stabilized zirconia | ||
Magnezium stabilized zirconia | ||
Ceria partially stabilized zirconia | ||
Felds pat-based ceramic | ISO 6872 ISO 9693 | Reinforced with leucit |
Reinforced with alumina | ||
Reinforced with mica |
Property | Y-TZP [12,13] | ISO 13356 [14] | Zenostar [15] |
---|---|---|---|
Chemical composition | |||
ZrO2+HfO2+Y2O3 | >99.0 | >99.0 | >99.0 |
Y2O3 | 4.5–5.4 | 4.5–5.4 | >4.5 |
Al2O3 | <0.5 | <0.5 | <0.5 |
Other total oxides | <0.5 | <0.5 | <1.5 |
Physical properties | |||
Bulk density (g/cm3) | 6.05 | >6.00 | >6.00 |
Grainsize (μm) | 0.2 | <0.6 | <0.6 |
Monoclinic phase (%) | 1 | - | <5 |
Mechanical properties | |||
Flexural strength-4 point bend (MPa) | 1666 | >800 | 1200±200 |
Elastic modulus (GPa) | 201 | - | 210 |
Vickers hardness (HV) | 1270 | - | >1300 |
Fracture toughness (Kgf/mm2/3) | 16.8 | - | - |
Compressive strength (MPa) | 4900 | - | - |
Impact strength (MPa) | 137 | - | - |
Code | Hf | Cr | Y | As | Pb | Al | Fe | Cu | Se | Zr | Sb | La |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ABlanc | <0.2 | <1 | <0.2 | 13 | <0.2 | 19 | <20 | <0.2 | <1 | <0.2 | <0.2 | <0.2 |
A1 | 1.9 | 28 | 6000 | 16 | 8.0 | 140 | 460 | <0.2 | 37 | 14 | <0.2 | 1.7 |
A2 | 0.2 | 55 | 5800 | 18 | 6.1 | 110 | 585 | <0.2 | 63 | 4.2 | <0.2 | 1.5 |
A3 | <0.2 | 4.2 | 5600 | 17 | 3.6 | 99 | 56 | <0.2 | 49 | 10 | <0.2 | 1.5 |
A4 | <0.2 | <1 | 6.2 | 14 | <0.2 | <10 | <20 | <0.2 | 100 | <0.2 | <0.2 | <0.2 |
A5 | <0.2 | <1 | 4.4 | 12 | <0.2 | <10 | <20 | <0.2 | 97 | <0.2 | <0.2 | <0.2 |
A6 | <0.2 | <1 | 3.2 | 13 | <0.2 | <10 | 75 | <0.2 | 67 | <0.2 | <0.2 | <0.2 |
BBlanc | <0.2 | <1 | <0.2 | <1 | <0.2 | <10 | <20 | <0.2 | <1 | 3.1 | <0.2 | <0.2 |
B1 | 320 | <1 | <0.2 | <1 | <0.2 | <10 | <20 | 30 | <1 | 1900 | 0.2 | <0.2 |
B2 | 400 | 1.2 | <0.2 | <1 | <0.2 | <10 | <20 | 14 | 4.2 | 2400 | 0.4 | <0.2 |
B3 | 290 | 1.5 | <0.2 | <1 | <0.2 | <10 | <20 | <0.2 | <1 | 1700 | 0.2 | <0.2 |
B4 | 150 | <1 | <0.2 | <1 | <0.2 | <10 | 24 | 0.5 | <1 | 960 | 0.2 | <0.2 |
B5 | 180 | <1 | <0.2 | <1 | <0.2 | <10 | <20 | 5.4 | <1 | 1300 | 0.2 | <0.2 |
B6 | 180 | <1 | <0.2 | 1.1 | <0.2 | <10 | <20 | 2.5 | <1 | 1300 | 0.3 | <0.2 |
Element | Method | Blanc | C4 | C5 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
µg/L | µg/L | % (m/m) | ppm | µg/L | % (m/m) | ppm | ||
Ni | ICP-OES | <20 | 646,000 | 10.4 | 103,508 | 634,000 | 10.6 | 10,6460 |
Cr | ICP-OES | <5 | 142,000 | 2.27 | 22,753 | 135,000 | 2.27 | 22,669 |
Co | ICP-OES | <10 | 4370 | 0.07 | 700 | 4150 | 0.07 | 697 |
Fe | ICP-OES | <20 | 1900 | 0.03 | 304 | 1870 | 0.03 | 314 |
Hg | ICP-MS | <0.5 | 570 | - | 91 | 610 | - | 102 |
Cu | ICP-MS | <0.2 | 81 | - | 13 | 78 | - | 13 |
Te | ICP-MS | <1 | 40 | - | 6.4 | 52 | - | 8.7 |
As | ICP-MS | <1 | 22.0 | - | 3.5 | 15.0 | - | 2.6 |
Ba | ICP-MS | <0.2 | 10.0 | - | 1.6 | 8.8 | - | 1.5 |
Se | ICP-MS | <1 | 4.1 | - | 0.7 | 4.5 | - | 0.7 |
Pb | ICP-MS | <0.2 | 3.0 | - | 0.5 | 3.0 | - | 0.5 |
Cd | ICP-MS | <0.2 | 1.9 | - | 0.3 | 1.6 | - | 0.3 |
Sb | ICP-MS | <0.2 | 3.5 | - | 0.6 | 1.7 | - | 0.3 |
Element | Method | Blanc | C1 | C2 | C3 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
µg/L | µg/L | µg/cm2 | µg/L | µg/cm2 | µg/L | µg/cm2 | ||
Fe | ICP-OES | <20 | <20 | DL | <20 | DL | <20 | DL |
Co | ICP-OES | <10 | <10 | DL | <10 | DL | <10 | DL |
Cu | ICP-OES | <20 | <20 | DL | <20 | DL | <20 | DL |
Ni | ICP-OES | <20 | 49 | 0.29 | 48 | 0.28 | 57 | 0.34 |
As | ICP-MS | <1 | <1 | DL | <1 | DL | <1 | DL |
Ba | ICP-MS | 4.4 | 6.3 | 0.037 | 5.4 | 0.032 | 5.4 | 0.032 |
Cd | ICP-MS | <0.2 | <0.2 | DL | <0.2 | DL | <0.2 | DL |
Cr | ICP-MS | <1 | 4.1 | 0.024 | 4.0 | 0.024 | 4.4 | 0.026 |
Hg | ICP-MS | <0.5 | <0.5 | DL | <0.5 | DL | <0.5 | DL |
Pb | ICP-MS | <0.5 | 0.9 | 0.005 | 0.9 | 0.005 | 0.9 | 0.005 |
Sb | ICP-MS | <0.2 | <0.2 | DL | <0.2 | DL | <0.2 | DL |
Se | ICP-MS | <1 | <1 | DL | <1 | DL | <1 | DL |
Te | ICP-MS | <1 | <1 | DL | <1 | DL | <1 | DL |
Element | Method | Blanc | C4 | C5 | C6 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
µg/L | µg/L | µg/cm2 | µg/L | µg/cm2 | µg/L | µg/cm2 | ||
Fe | ICP-OES | <20 | <20 | DL | <20 | DL | <20 | DL |
Co | ICP-OES | <10 | <10 | DL | <10 | DL | <10 | DL |
Cu | ICP-OES | <20 | <20 | DL | <20 | DL | <20 | DL |
Ni | ICP-OES | <20 | 433 | 2.6 | 407 | 2.4 | 421 | 2.5 |
As | ICP-MS | <1 | <1 | DL | <1 | DL | <1 | DL |
Ba | ICP-MS | <0.2 | 1.3 | 0.008 | 1.2 | 0.007 | 6.2 | 0.036 |
Cd | ICP-MS | <0.2 | <0.2 | DL | <0.2 | DL | <0.2 | DL |
Cr | ICP-MS | <1 | 15.0 | 0.09 | 17.0 | 0.10 | 14.0 | 0.08 |
Hg | ICP-MS | <0.5 | <0.5 | DL | <0.5 | DL | <0.5 | DL |
Pb | ICP-MS | <0.2 | 0.4 | 0.002 | 0.6 | 0.004 | 0.5 | 0.003 |
Sb | ICP-MS | <0.2 | <0.2 | DL | <0.2 | DL | <0.2 | DL |
Se | ICP-MS | <1 | <1 | DL | <1 | DL | <1 | DL |
Te | ICP-MS | <1 | <1 | DL | <1 | DL | <1 | DL |
Element | Lower Measurement Limit [mg/L] | 4h | 18h |
---|---|---|---|
Ni | 2 | Negative | Negative |
Co | 2 | Negative | Negative |
Cu | 2 | Negative | Negative |
Fe | 3 | Negative | Negative |
Description | Code | Mass [g] |
---|---|---|
White ceramic watch link | D1.1 | 0.03715 |
D1.2 | 0.03398 | |
Black ceramic watch band | D2.1 | 0.01888 |
D2.2 | 0.03888 |
White Ceramic Watch Link D1 | Black Ceramic Watch Band D2 | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
D1.1 | µg/L | mg/kg | % | D1.2 | µg/L | mg/kg | % | D2.1 | µg/L | mg/kg | % | D2.2 | µg/L | mg/kg | % |
Hf | 12,000 | 16,151 | 1.62 | Hf | 9900 | 14,567 | 1.46 | Hf | 5700 | 15,095 | 1.51 | Hf | 12,000 | 15,432 | 1.54 |
Cr | 7.3 | 10 | - | Cr | 5.4 | 8 | - | Cr | 390 | 1033 | 0.10 | Cr | 790 | 1016 | 0.10 |
Ni | <20 | DL | DL | Ni | <20 | DL | DL | Ni | 80 | 212 | 0.02 | Ni | 137 | 176 | 0.02 |
Co | <10 | DL | DL | Co | <10 | DL | DL | Co | 111 | 294 | 0.03 | Co | 194 | 249 | 0.02 |
Y | 1500 | 2019 | 0.20 | Y | 420 | 618 | 0.06 | Y | 680 | 1801 | 0.18 | Y | 350 | 450 | 0.05 |
Sb | <0.4 | DL | DL | Sb | <0.4 | DL | DL | Sb | <0.4 | DL | DL | Sb | <0.4 | DL | DL |
Ta | 59 | 79 | 0.008 | Ta | 28 | 41 | 0.004 | Ta | 20 | 53 | 0.005 | Ta | 16 | 21 | 0.002 |
Te | 160 | 215 | 0.02 | Te | 130 | 191 | 0.02 | Te | 71 | 188 | 0.02 | Te | 160 | 206 | 0.02 |
Ba | 21 | 28 | - | Ba | 20 | 29 | - | Ba | 20 | 53 | 0.01 | Ba | 13 | 17 | - |
Sm | 5.0 | 7 | - | Sm | 4.6 | 7 | - | Sm | <2 | DL | DL | Sm | 4.4 | 6 | - |
As | 4.5 | 6 | - | As | 7.5 | 11 | - | As | <2 | DL | DL | As | <2 | DL | DL |
Nb | 3.0 | 4 | - | Nb | 2.4 | 4 | - | Nb | 1.8 | 5 | - | Nb | 3.6 | 5 | - |
Pb | 5.7 | 8 | - | Pb | 3.5 | 5 | - | Pb | 4.9 | 13 | - | Pb | 24 | 31 | - |
Hg | <1 | DL | DL | Hg | <1 | DL | DL | Hg | <1 | DL | DL | Hg | <1 | DL | DL |
Cd | 4.5 | 6 | - | Cd | 3.1 | 5 | - | Cd | 2.7 | 7 | - | Cd | 2.9 | 4 | - |
Cu | <20 | DL | DL | Cu | <20 | DL | DL | Cu | <20 | DL | DL | Cu | <20 | DL | DL |
Se | <2 | DL | DL | Se | <2 | DL | DL | Se | <2 | DL | DL | Se | <2 | DL | DL |
Element | Reagent | Detection Limit (Semi-Quantitative) |
---|---|---|
Ni | Diméthylglyoxime | 10 mg/L |
Co | Thiocyanate | 10 mg/L |
Fe | 2,2′-bipyridine | 3 mg/L |
Cu | 2,2′-biquinoléine | 10 mg/L |
Code | Mass [g] |
---|---|
E1 | 0.10807 |
E2 | 0.12027 |
Black Zirconia Ceramic Bracelet Components | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
E1 | μg/L | mg/kg | % | E2 | μg/L | mg/kg | % |
Hf | 64,000 | 29,610 | 3.0 | Hf | 74,000 | 30,764 | 3.08 |
Cr | 3100 | 1434 | 0.14 | Cr | 3500 | 1455 | 0.15 |
Ni | <80 | DL | DL | Ni | <80 | DL | DL |
Co | 11,900 | 5506 | 0.55 | Co | 13,300 | 5529 | 0.55 |
Fe | 8810 | 4053 | 0.41 | Fe | 9925 | 4163 | 0.42 |
Y | 1300 | 601 | 0.06 | Y | 990 | 412 | 0.04 |
Sb | 0.9 | 0.4 | - | Sb | 0.5 | 0.2 | - |
Ta | 23 | 11 | - | Ta | 15 | 6 | - |
Te | 110 | 51 | - | Te | 130 | 54 | - |
Ba | 22 | 10 | - | Ba | 16 | 7 | - |
Sm | 22 | 10 | - | Sm | 29 | 12 | - |
As | 2.3 | 1 | - | As | 7.3 | 3 | - |
Nb | 7.8 | 4 | - | Nb | 8.0 | 3 | - |
Pb | 24 | 11 | - | Pb | 19 | 8 | - |
Hg | ≤1 | DL | DL | Hg | ≤1 | DL | DL |
Cd | ≤8 | DL | DL | Cd | ≤8 | DL | DL |
Cu | ≤80 | DL | DL | Cu | ≤80 | DL | DL |
Se | 6.4 | 3 | - | Se | 19.8 | 8 | - |
Sample | Mass [mg] | Dissolution Time [h] | Color of Precipitates |
---|---|---|---|
F1 | 8180 | 16 (ultrasound) | blackish |
F2 | 24,923 | 40 (ultrasound) | white |
F3 | 16,134 | 160 (ultrasound) | white |
F1 | μg/L | mg/kg | % | F2 | μg/L | mg/kg | % | F3 | μg/L | mg/kg | % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hf | 12,000 | 14,670 | 1.47 | Hf | 46,000 | 18,457 | 1.85 | Hf | 27,000 | 10,833 | 1.08 |
Cr | 1400 | 1711 | 0.17 | Cr | 3.9 | 2 | - | Cr | 3.5 | 1 | - |
Ni | 1180 | 1443 | 0.14 | Ni | <20 | - | - | Ni | <20 | - | - |
Co | 820 | 1002 | 0.10 | Co | <10 | - | - | Co | 9610 | 3856 | 0.39 |
Y | 440 | 538 | 0.05 | Y | 2100 | 843 | 0.08 | Y | 1500 | 602 | 0.06 |
Sb | 110 | 134 | 0.01 | Sb | <0.4 | - | Sb | <0.4 | - | - | |
Ta | 67 | 82 | 0.01 | Ta | 160 | 64 | 0.01 | Ta | 76 | 30 | - |
Te | 32.0 | 39 | - | Te | 120 | 48 | - | Te | 73 | 29 | - |
Ba | 7.7 | 9 | - | Ba | 12 | 5 | - | Ba | 8.0 | 3 | - |
Sm | 6.0 | 7 | - | Sm | 8.6 | 3 | - | Sm | 6.2 | 2 | - |
As | 4.5 | 6 | - | As | <2 | - | - | As | 2.4 | 1 | - |
Nb | 2.6 | 3 | - | Nb | 8.2 | 3 | - | Nb | 6.0 | 2 | - |
Pb | 2.4 | 3 | - | Pb | 2.1 | 1 | - | Pb | 1.3 | 1 | - |
Hg | 2.4 | 3 | - | Hg | 1.8 | 1 | - | Hg | <1 | - | - |
Cd | 2.3 | 3 | - | Cd | 3.5 | 1 | - | Cd | 2 | 1 | - |
Cu | <20 | - | - | Cu | <20 | - | - | Cu | <20 | - | - |
Se | <2 | - | - | Se | <2 | - | - | Se | <2 | - | - |
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Reclaru, L.; Ardelean, L.C.; Miu, C.A.; Grecu, A.F. Are Zirconia Bioceramics and Ceramics Intended to Come in Contact with Skin Inert? Materials 2020, 13, 1697. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13071697
Reclaru L, Ardelean LC, Miu CA, Grecu AF. Are Zirconia Bioceramics and Ceramics Intended to Come in Contact with Skin Inert? Materials. 2020; 13(7):1697. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13071697
Chicago/Turabian StyleReclaru, Lucien, Lavinia Cosmina Ardelean, Catalin Adrian Miu, and Alexandru Florian Grecu. 2020. "Are Zirconia Bioceramics and Ceramics Intended to Come in Contact with Skin Inert?" Materials 13, no. 7: 1697. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13071697