Performance Evaluation of Cementless Composites with Alkali-Sulfate Activator for Field Application
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Procedure
2.1. Materials
2.2. Experimental Procedures
2.3. Test Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Engineering Properties Analysis
3.2. Acid Resistance Analysis
3.3. CO2 Reduction Properties Analysis
4. Conclusions
- Geltime decreased by 1.0 and 1.4 s in OPC and AAC, respectively, for each increase in binder weight of 10 kg/m3. Thus, under similar mixing conditions, OPC had more advantageous properties with a shorter geltime than AAC.
- In both OPC and AAC specimens, the homogel strength tended to increase as W/B decreased and the replacement ratio increased. At 7 days of age, W/B ratios of 100%, 120%, and 140%, and a replacement ratio of 70%, the AAC specimens exhibited higher homogel strength by 9.4 MPa (236.2%), 5.9 MPa (195.2%), and 5.3 MPa (198.1%), respectively. Hence, under the same mixing conditions, AAC is more advantageous for securing homogel strength than OPC.
- At 3 days of age, OPC showed an increase of 1.7 MPa when the binder weight increased by 100 kg/m3, whereas AAC showed an increase of 4.1 MPa. In addition, at 7 days of age, OPC showed an increase of 0.9 MPa when the binder weight increased by 100 kg/m3, whereas AAC showed an increase of 5.0 MPa. Geltime and homogel strength were found to be inversely related for both OPC and AAC.
- Based on the 5000× magnification SEM images taken at 7 days to analyze the matrix microstructures, similar hydration products found in OPC, calcium silicate hydrates (C–S–H, Ca1.5SiO3.5·H2O)) and ettringite (Ca6Al2(SO4)3(OH)12·26H2O), were formed in AAC. These findings proved that in the AAC specimens, GGBS, CFBC ash, and PCDG produced hydrates similar to OPC through chemical hydration reactions, although OPC was not used.
- The acid resistance properties analysis showed that the mass change of AAC in HCl and H2SO4 solutions ranged from 36.1 to 88.0%, lower than that of OPC, indicating AAC’s superior acid resistance. Furthermore, for OPC, GWP increased by 25.45 kg CO2 eq with a 100 kg/m3 increase in binder weight, while GWP of AAC increased by 53.25 kg CO2 eq. This demonstrates that AAC has a greater effect on CO2 reduction than OPC.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AAC | Alkali-activated Composites |
OPC | Ordinary Portland Cement |
GWP | Global Warming Potential |
GGBS | Ground Granulated Blast-furnace Slag |
FA | Fly Ash |
CSA | Calcium Sulfoaluminate |
CFBC | Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion |
PCDG | Petro Cokes Desulfurization Gypsum |
PCC | Pulverized Coal Combustion |
SSS | Sodium Silicate Solution |
SEM | Scanning Electron Microscope |
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Material | Chemical Composition (%) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CaO | SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | MgO | SO3 | H2O | Na2O | Other | |
OPC (1) | 66.70 | 17.20 | 4.38 | 3.13 | 3.03 | 3.48 | 2.08 | ||
AAC (2) | 56.28 | 20.72 | 8.29 | 0.51 | 2.31 | 10.51 | 1.38 | ||
SSS (3) | 27.2 | 0.01 | 63.6 | 9.14 | 0.05 |
Material | Property |
---|---|
OPC | Type 1 ordinary Portland cement (KS L 5201) |
Density: 3.15 g/cm3, specific surface area: 3120 cm2/g | |
AAC | Alkali-activated composites |
Density: 2.82 g/cm3, specific surface area: 4120 cm2/g | |
SSS | Type 3 Sodium silicate solution (KS M 1415) |
Density: 1.38 g/cm3, Water insolubility: 0.0026 |
Series | Experimental Factor and Level | Evaluation Item | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Binder Type | W/B Ratio (%) | Replacement Ratio (%) | ||
Ⅰ. Raw material analysis | OPC AAC | 100 120 140 | 50 60 70 | Scanning electron microscope |
X-ray fluorescence | ||||
Ⅱ. Engineering properties analysis | Geltime (s) | |||
Homogel strength (MPa) | ||||
Scanning electron microscope | ||||
Ⅲ. Acid resistance and CO2 reduction properties analysis | Mass change (%) | |||
Global warming potential (kg CO2 eq/m3) |
Mix No. | Liquid A (kg/m3) | Liquid B (kg/m3) | Mix No. | Liquid A (kg/m3) | Liquid B (kg/m3) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SSS | Water | OPC | SSS | SSS | Water | AAC | Water | ||
O-100-50 | 346.0 | 250.0 | 379.5 | 379.5 | A-100-50 | 346.0 | 250.0 | 369.1 | 369.1 |
O-100-60 | 276.8 | 200.0 | 455.4 | 455.4 | A-100-60 | 276.8 | 200.0 | 442.9 | 442.9 |
O-100-70 | 207.6 | 150.0 | 531.3 | 531.3 | A-100-70 | 207.6 | 150.0 | 516.8 | 516.8 |
O-120-50 | 346.0 | 250.0 | 329.5 | 395.4 | A-120-50 | 346.0 | 250.0 | 321.6 | 385.9 |
O-120-60 | 276.8 | 200.0 | 395.4 | 474.5 | A-120-60 | 276.8 | 200.0 | 385.9 | 463.1 |
O-120-70 | 207.6 | 150.0 | 461.3 | 553.6 | A-120-70 | 207.6 | 150.0 | 450.3 | 540.3 |
O-140-50 | 346.0 | 250.0 | 291.1 | 407.6 | A-140-50 | 346.0 | 250.0 | 285.0 | 398.9 |
O-140-60 | 276.8 | 200.0 | 349.4 | 489.1 | A-140-60 | 276.8 | 200.0 | 342.0 | 478.7 |
O-140-70 | 207.6 | 150.0 | 407.6 | 570.6 | A-140-70 | 207.6 | 150.0 | 398.9 | 558.5 |
Series | Evaluation Item | Test Method |
---|---|---|
Ⅰ. Raw material analysis | Scanning electron microscope | ASTM C1723 |
X-ray fluorescence | ASTM C114 | |
Ⅱ. Engineering properties analysis | Geltime (s) | ASTM D4217 |
Homogel strength (MPa) | ASTM C109 | |
Scanning electron microscope | ASTM C1723 | |
Ⅲ. Acid resistance and CO2 reduction properties analysis | Mass change (%) | ASTM C267, 579 |
Global warming potential (kg CO2 eq/m3) | ISO 14040 |
Materials | GWP (kg CO2 eq.) |
---|---|
OPC | 5.32 × 10−1 |
GGBS | 5.01 × 10−1 |
CFBC ash | 1.01 × 10−2 |
PCDG | 5.96 × 10−4 |
SSS | 1.73 × 10−3 |
Water | 8.88 × 10−3 |
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Lee, J.; Lee, T.; Lee, S.; Choi, H. Performance Evaluation of Cementless Composites with Alkali-Sulfate Activator for Field Application. Materials 2020, 13, 5410. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13235410
Lee J, Lee T, Lee S, Choi H. Performance Evaluation of Cementless Composites with Alkali-Sulfate Activator for Field Application. Materials. 2020; 13(23):5410. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13235410
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Jaehyun, Taegyu Lee, Seungwoo Lee, and Hyeonggil Choi. 2020. "Performance Evaluation of Cementless Composites with Alkali-Sulfate Activator for Field Application" Materials 13, no. 23: 5410. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13235410