3D Bioprinting for Vascularized Tissue-Engineered Bone Fabrication
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Mechanisms of Vascular Formation
3. 3D Bioprinting
3.1. The Procedure of 3D Bioprinting
3.2. 3D Bioprinting Methods in Fabrication of Vascular Networks
3.2.1. Inkjet Bioprinting
3.2.2. Laser-Assisted Bioprinting
3.2.3. Extrusion-Based Bioprinting
3.3. Bioinks
3.4. Cells Used in Bioprinting
Cell Viability
3.5. Multi-Materials Bioprinting
4. 3D Bioprinting in the Fabrication of Vascularized Tissue-Engineered Bone
4.1. Cell-Based Approaches for Vascular Networks
4.2. Tissue Spheroid-Based Approaches for Vascular Networks
4.3. Growth Factor-Based Approaches for Vascular Networks
4.4. Small Moleculers-Based Approaches for Vascular Networks
5. The Application of 3D Vascularized Models
6. Conclusions and Challenges
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Bioprinting Type | Inkjet Bioprinting | Laser-Assisted Bioprinting | Extrusion-Based Bioprinting | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Working principle | Propels droplets of bioinks | Laser is fired to push cell from pool of bioinks | Deposition of materials by motor-driven extruder | [19,49] |
Fabrication speed | Fast | Medium | Slow | [50] |
Printer cost | Low | High | Medium | [51] |
Cell density | Low<106 cells/ml | Medium (<108 cells/ml) | High, cell spheroids | [12,52] |
Cell viability | >85% | >95% | 40%–90% | [50,53] |
Scalability | Yes | Limited | Yes | [54,55] |
Resolution | High | High | Medium | [56] |
Supported viscosities | 3.5 to 12 mPa/s | 1 to 300 mPa/s | 30 to 6×107 mPa/s | [57,58] |
Cell type | MSCs, chondrocytes, | Fibroblasts, HUVECs, human breast cancer cells, HaCaTs, Human osteoprogenitor cells. | Chondrocytes, ASCs, MSCs, HUVECs, Neural cells, osteoblasts, Schwann cells. | [59,60,61,62] |
Natural bioinks | Alginate, fibrinogen, hydroxyapatite | Alginate, collagen, matrigel | Alginate, gelatin, hyaluronic acid, agarose, chitosan, excellularized matrix | [63,64,65,66,67] |
Synthetic bioinks | PCL, PEG, PVP | - | PCL, PEG, Pluronic, FG-HA | [52,68,69,70] |
Target tissue | Vascular, cartilage, bone, lung | Vascular, skin, bone, adipose | Vascular, cartilage, bone, liver, brain, osteochondral tissue, cardiac tissue, nerve, aorta, | [70,71,72,73,74,75] |
Bioinks | Type | Crosslinking | Cell Type | Target Tissue | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Silk | Natural | Enzymatic | Fibroblasts, MSCs | Bone, cartilage, brain | [111] |
Chitosan | Natural | Ionic | MSCs | Cartilage | [116] |
Decellularized extracellular matrix | Natural | Physical and Enzymatic | ASCs, myoblasts, hepatocytes | Liver, heart, adipose | [57,112] |
Hyaluronic acid | Natural | Covalent | Osteoblasts, chondrocytes, | Bone, cartilage | [75,113] |
Fibrin | Natural | Enzymatic | Chondrocytes, ECs | Vascular, cartilage | [117,118] |
Collagen | Natural | Thermal | MSCs, HaCaTs, fibroblasts, | Skin, vascular, bone, cartilage, thyroid gland | [84,85] |
Gelatin | Natural | Thermal, Ultraviolet | MSCs, myoblasts | Aortic valve, vascular, cartilage | [119] |
Alginate | Natural | Ionic | Cartilage progenitor cells, ECs, ACSs, liver cells, MG63 cells | Vascular, liver, cartilage | [118,120,121] |
Agarose | Natural | Thermal | MSCs | Cartilage | [122] |
Gellan gum | Natural | Ionic | MC3T3, MSCs, Neural cells | Brain, bone | [113,123] |
PEG | Synthetic | Ultraviolet | HUVECs, MSCs | Bone, vascular | [40,114,124] |
PCL | Synthetic | Thermal | Chondrocytes | Cartilage | [115,121] |
Pluronic acid | Synthetic | Thermal | Chondrocytes | Cartilage | [40,112] |
Growth Factors | Gene Location (Human) | Receptor | Function | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
VEGF | Chromosome 6 | Flt-1, Flk-1, KDR | Neovasculature and angiogenesis | [159] |
FGF | Chromosome 8, 11, 12 | FGFR1b, FGFR2b, FGFR3b, FGFR4 | Embryonic development and angiogenesis | [166] |
PDGF | Chromosome 22 | PDGFRα and β | Maturation of vasculature | [167] |
TGF | Chromosome 19 | TGF receptor | Vascular invasion | [166] |
Angiopoietin-1 | Chromosome 8 | Tie-2 receptor | Enhance vasculature stability | [168] |
BMP | Chromosome 12 | BMPR1A, BMPR1B | Regulate angiogenesis and VEGF secretion | [169] |
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Xing, F.; Xiang, Z.; Rommens, P.M.; Ritz, U. 3D Bioprinting for Vascularized Tissue-Engineered Bone Fabrication. Materials 2020, 13, 2278. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13102278
Xing F, Xiang Z, Rommens PM, Ritz U. 3D Bioprinting for Vascularized Tissue-Engineered Bone Fabrication. Materials. 2020; 13(10):2278. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13102278
Chicago/Turabian StyleXing, Fei, Zhou Xiang, Pol Maria Rommens, and Ulrike Ritz. 2020. "3D Bioprinting for Vascularized Tissue-Engineered Bone Fabrication" Materials 13, no. 10: 2278. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13102278