Comparing Properties of Concrete Containing Electric Arc Furnace Slag and Granulated Blast Furnace Slag
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Electric Arc Furnace Slag (EAF Slag)
2.2. Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GBF Slag)
3. Experimental Program
3.1. Chemical Composition of Materials and Mixture Design
3.2. Test Method
3.2.1. Slump and Setting Properties
3.2.2. Autogenous and Dry Shrinkage
3.2.3. Compressive and Split-Cylinder Tensile Strength
4. Test Results and Discussion
4.1. Slump and Setting Properties
4.2. Autogenous and Drying Shrinkage
4.3. Compressive and Split-Cylinder Tensile Strength
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- The properties of fresh concrete were evaluated by measuring the slump and air content. The mixtures substituted with EAF oxidizing slag for cement showed a decrease in the slump with lower air content when compared with the results of OPC. In contrast, GBF slag concrete showed similar results with that of OPC. These differences of slumps between EAF and GBF mixtures were caused by the difference in the particle size of binders. The addition of fine EAF slag decreases the air content of the concrete mixture, potentially resulting in a decrease of fluidity.
- (2)
- Using EAF oxidizing slag and GBF slag as a substitute for cement delayed the initial and final setting times. The addition of gypsum slightly shortened the setting times of the fresh concrete, but it did not make a significant difference at very early ages. It was found that the delayed setting times of EAF mixtures were not very different from the setting times of the GBF mixtures. This is a positive result for EAF slag because GBF slag is already widely used as a substitute for cement.
- (3)
- Both slag concretes showed greater autogenous shrinkage than OPC. The slope of the shrinkage curves converged to zero after 20 days in the case of OPC and the EAF series. For the GBF series, the shrinkage curves converged to the final values after 30 days.
- (4)
- The compressive and split-cylinder strengths at 3, 7, and 28 days were measured. The strength development of the EAF and BGF slag concretes was slower than that for OPC at early ages, but there was not a significant decrease in the strength at 28 days when 15% of cement was replaced with EAF oxidizing slag. In addition, it was observed that the addition of gypsum accelerated strength development. Therefore, it may be suggested that the use of EAF oxidizing slag as a cementitious binder did not cause problems in either shrinkage behavior or strength when a small amount of oxidizing slag was substituted for cement.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type | Specific Surface (cm2/g) | Density (g/cm3) | Chemical Composition (%) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SiO2 | CaO | Al2O3 | T-Fe * | MgO | SO3 | MnO | TiO2 | |||
OPC | 3400 | 3.15 | 22.0 | 64.2 | 5.5 | 3.0 | 1.5 | 2.0 | - | - |
EAF slag | 5050 | 3.60 | 16.1 | 20.6 | 12.0 | 37.3 | 4.4 | - | 5.6 | 0.7 |
GBF slag | 4250 | 2.90 | 34.2 | 45.1 | 14.3 | 0.5 | 3.9 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.7 |
Variables | W/B | S/a | Unit Weight (kg/m3) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
W | C | FA | CA | EAFS | GBFS | Gypsum | |||
OPC | 0.40 | 0.43 | 226 | 562 | 598 | 786 | - | - | - |
EAF15 | 0.40 | 0.43 | 226 | 478 | 598 | 786 | 84 | - | - |
EAF15-G | 0.40 | 0.43 | 226 | 478 | 598 | 786 | 84 | - | 12 |
GBF15 | 0.40 | 0.43 | 226 | 478 | 598 | 786 | - | 84 | - |
GBF30 | 0.40 | 0.43 | 226 | 394 | 598 | 786 | - | 168 | - |
GBF30-G | 0.40 | 0.43 | 226 | 394 | 598 | 786 | - | 168 | 12 |
Type | OPC | EAF15 | EAF15-G | GBF15 | GBF30 | GBF30-G |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Slump (mm) | 180 | 120 | 106 | 180 | 189 | 170 |
Air content (%) | 4.0 | 2.7 | 3.0 | 3.8 | 3.6 | 3.9 |
Type | a | b | R2 | Initial Set (h) | Final Set (h) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
OPC | −5.934 | 8.366 | 0.984 | 5.95 | 7.63 |
EAF15 | −6.778 | 8.384 | 0.995 | 7.47 | 9.57 |
EAF15-G | −5.011 | 6.533 | 0.990 | 7.08 | 9.74 |
GBF15 | −5.091 | 6.639 | 0.984 | 7.06 | 9.66 |
GBF30 | −5.308 | 6.684 | 0.994 | 7.51 | 10.25 |
GBF30-G | −4.482 | 6.120 | 0.997 | 6.63 | 9.31 |
Type | 3 Days | 7 Days | 28 Days | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (MPa) | C.V. (%) | Mean (MPa) | C.V. (%) | Mean (MPa) | C.V. (%) | |
OPC | 31.06 | 2.32 | 37.25 | 4.54 | 39.57 | 13.43 |
EAF15 | 26.98 | 4.29 | 31.96 | 2.50 | 37.93 | 0.63 |
EAF15-G | 32.67 | 14.83 | 38.89 | 0.36 | 39.46 | 2.41 |
GBF15 | 27.86 | 6.71 | 34.66 | 1.21 | 38.58 | 6.67 |
GBF30 | 24.69 | 1.71 | 33.60 | 0.36 | 35.24 | 12.11 |
GBF30-G | 31.44 | 1.33 | 42.17 | 4.10 | 47.40 | 5.17 |
Type | 3 days | 7 days | 28 days | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (MPa) | C.V. (%) | Mean (MPa) | C.V. (%) | Mean (MPa) | C.V. (%) | |
OPC | 3.04 | 2.46 | 3.34 | 15.07 | 3.51 | 15.20 |
EAF15 | 2.67 | 4.73 | 3.15 | 10.95 | 3.47 | 2.16 |
EAF15-G | 3.47 | 4.76 | 3.58 | 11.75 | 3.56 | 7.148 |
GBF15 | 2.74 | 17.14 | 3.57 | 8.82 | 3.52 | 6.75 |
GBF30 | 2.81 | 16.54 | 3.00 | 8.97 | 3.30 | 16.55 |
GBF30-G | 3.71 | 16.11 | 3.59 | 16.42 | 3.65 | 25.06 |
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Lee, J.-Y.; Choi, J.-S.; Yuan, T.-F.; Yoon, Y.-S.; Mitchell, D. Comparing Properties of Concrete Containing Electric Arc Furnace Slag and Granulated Blast Furnace Slag. Materials 2019, 12, 1371. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12091371
Lee J-Y, Choi J-S, Yuan T-F, Yoon Y-S, Mitchell D. Comparing Properties of Concrete Containing Electric Arc Furnace Slag and Granulated Blast Furnace Slag. Materials. 2019; 12(9):1371. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12091371
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Jin-Young, Jin-Seok Choi, Tian-Feng Yuan, Young-Soo Yoon, and Denis Mitchell. 2019. "Comparing Properties of Concrete Containing Electric Arc Furnace Slag and Granulated Blast Furnace Slag" Materials 12, no. 9: 1371. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12091371