Influence of the Quartz Deformation Structures for the Occurrence of the Alkali–Silica Reaction
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Selection of the Samples
2.2. Preparation of the Samples
2.3. Methods
3. Results
3.1. Chemical and Petrographic Characterization of the Rocks
3.2. Relationship between the Deformation of the Quartz and Susceptibility to the Alkaline Attack
3.3. Assessment of the Development of the ASR
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Compound | M1 | M2 | M3 |
Major Elements (% Mass) | |||
SiO2 | 78.18 | 77.46 | 77.33 |
Al2O3 | 11.82 | 12.16 | 12.02 |
TiO2 | 0.10 | 0.13 | 0.14 |
Fe2O3 (total) | 1.74 | 1.58 | 1.66 |
MnO | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.04 |
MgO | 0.05 | 0.13 | 0.16 |
CaO | 0.78 | 0.89 | 1.05 |
Na2O | 1.98 | 2.14 | 2.14 |
K2O | 5.12 | 5.06 | 4.63 |
P2O5 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.01 |
LOI | 0.24 | 0.27 | 0.24 |
TOTAL | 100.07 | 99.88 | 99.42 |
Trace Elements (ppm) | |||
Y | 6 | 6 | 5 |
Pb | 47 | 47 | 45 |
Ni | - | - | - |
Co | - | - | - |
Cu | 8 | 9 | 9 |
Ga | 11 | 13 | 12 |
Sr | 118 | 109 | 158 |
Zr | 78 | 78 | 81 |
Zn | 18 | 24 | 27 |
Nb | 2 | 5 | 3 |
Rb | 198 | 205 | 186 |
As | 4 | 4 | 3 |
Cr | 88 | 28 | 60 |
Ba | 491 | 483 | 618 |
Stage of Deformation | Description of the Characteristic | Petrographic Aspect | Modal (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
M1 | M2 | M3 | |||
0 | Quartz without deformation | --- | - | - | - |
1 | Quartz with slight undulatory extinction | 46.6 | 13.6 | 22.8 | |
2 | Quartz with strong undulatory extinction, with formation of bands of deformation in the grain | 33.6 | 56.1 | 39.6 | |
3 | Quartz with strong undulatory extinction, with formation of subgrains | 15.2 | 23.7 | 22.2 | |
4 | Quartz recrystallized from subgrain | 5.2 | 6.6 | 15.6 |
Quartz Samples | Phases Identified | GOF |
---|---|---|
QM1 | Quartz–95.10% Albite–2.33% Microclíne–2.43% Muscovite–0.15% | 1.87 |
QM2 | Quartz–98.51% Albite–1.21% Microcline–0.28% | 1.80 |
QM3 | Quartz–69.63% Albite–24.26% Microcline–2.01% Muscovite–4.11% | 1.98 |
Sample | Crystalline Silicates (% in Area) | Amorphous Silicates (% in Area) | Crystalline Quartz (% in Area) |
---|---|---|---|
Pure QM1 | 28.5 | 65.1 | 6.4 |
QM1 KOH | 28.5 | 65.5 | 6.0 |
Pure QM2 | 30.0 | 63.1 | 6.9 |
QM2 KOH | 29.8 | 64.0 | 6.2 |
Pure QM3 | 31.7 | 63.1 | 5.3 |
QM3 KOH | 28.6 | 66.1 | 5.2 |
Sample | Dissolved SiO2 (µg/mL) |
---|---|
QM1 | 18.2 |
QM2 | 21.2 |
QM3 | 6.1 |
Effect | Degrees of Freedom | Squared Mean | Degrees of Freedom of the Error | Squared Mean of the Error | Test F | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type of rock | 2 | 0.010758 | 192 | 0.000052 | 207.357 | 0.0000 |
Age | 31 | 0.164571 | 192 | 0.000052 | 3174.891 | 0.0000 |
Type of rock and age | 62 | 0.000208 | 192 | 0.000052 | 4.016 | 0.0000 |
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Tiecher, F.; Florindo, R.N.; Vieira, G.L.; Gomes, M.E.B.; Dal Molin, D.C.C.; Lermen, R.T. Influence of the Quartz Deformation Structures for the Occurrence of the Alkali–Silica Reaction. Materials 2018, 11, 1692. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11091692
Tiecher F, Florindo RN, Vieira GL, Gomes MEB, Dal Molin DCC, Lermen RT. Influence of the Quartz Deformation Structures for the Occurrence of the Alkali–Silica Reaction. Materials. 2018; 11(9):1692. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11091692
Chicago/Turabian StyleTiecher, Francieli, Renata N. Florindo, Geilma L. Vieira, Márcia E. B. Gomes, Denise C. C. Dal Molin, and Richard T. Lermen. 2018. "Influence of the Quartz Deformation Structures for the Occurrence of the Alkali–Silica Reaction" Materials 11, no. 9: 1692. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11091692