The Role of Surface Topography on Deformation-Induced Magnetization under Inhomogeneous Elastic-Plastic Deformation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Material
2.2. Specimen Geometry and Preparation
2.3. Mechanical Loading
2.4. Magnetic Sensing
2.5. Strain Field Measurements
2.6. Topography Measurements
2.7. Experimental Sequence
3. Results
3.1. Mechanical Loading
3.2. Deformation-Induced Magnetic Stray Fields
3.2.1. Analysis of Individual Magnetic Field Profiles
3.2.2. Two-Dimensional Representation of Magnetic Field Distributions
As-Received State and Elastic Deformation
Plastic Deformation
3.3. Strain Distribution
3.4. Topography Evolution During Necking
4. Discussion
4.1. The Role of Topography
4.2. Multiaxiality
5. Conclusions
- For the analysis and correlation of gradients (in, e.g., magnetic fields, stresses, strains), spatially-resolved measurement methods and two-dimensional data representations should be preferred over global examination methods and the analysis of individual profiles. They may reveal specific geometric features of characteristic structures (e.g., Lüders bands), particularly, when the (magnetic) changes are too small to be reliably distinguished from the measurement noise of the (magnetic) sensor used.
- Topographic changes due to localized plastic straining act as geometric discontinuities and must be considered as one of the basic causes for the observed magnetic stray field formation.
- Topographic changes may lead to variable distances between magnetic sensing device and analyzed specimens or component surfaces (lift-off). Since recorded magnetic intensities depend on the distance to the magnetic source, a variable lift-off may distort the magnetic signals qualitatively and quantitatively and, thus, may provoke misinterpretations.
- Therefore, quantitative stress or damage assessments on the basis of residual magnetic field distributions of inhomogeneously (plastically) deformed surfaces should be avoided until the magnetomechanical interrelations and the underlying mechanism of the stray field formation are sufficiently well understood. To this end, true multidisciplinary and multi-scale research is still required, for instance regarding:
- (i)
- options for the computational correction of topography-related artefacts;
- (ii)
- the correlation of magnetic field vectors (and their components) and stress-strain tensors (and their components);
- (iii)
- the role of locally emerging deformation textures with respect to local changes in magnetocrystalline anisotropy;
- (iv)
- the role of formation, growth and coalescence of voids during the ductile damage process and their influence on macroscopic magnetic quantities such as permeability, coercivity, saturation magnetization, and hysteresis loss; and
- (v)
- microscopic and macroscopic (statistical) changes in the magnetic domain structure (of polycrystalline ferromagnetic materials) caused by complex states of stress and strain.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Appendix B
Appendix B1. Specimen Excitation by Earth’s Magnetic Field During Magnetic Measurements
Appendix B2. Offset-Correction
References
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Element | C | Si | Mn | P | S | Cr | Cu | Mo | Nb | Ni | Ti | V | Fe |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
mass% | 0.14 | 0.012 | 0.52 | 0.011 | 0.008 | 0.027 | 0.034 | 0.004 | 0.003 | 0.017 | <0.001 | 0.004 | 99.1 |
Young’s Modulus, E in GPa | Upper Yield Strength, ReH in MPa | Strain at ReH in % | Lower Yield Strength, ReL in MPa | Strain at ReL in % | Ultimate Tensile Strength, UTS in MPa | Strain at UTS in % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
205.6 | 256 | 0.16 | 228 | 1.92 | 375 | 22.55 |
Specimen | N1 | N2 | N3 | N4 | N5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
σn in MPa | 103 | 201 | 365 | 403 | 369 |
εn in % | 0.05 | 0.07 | 2.68 | 9.66 | 13.56 |
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Sonntag, N.; Skrotzki, B.; Stegemann, R.; Löwe, P.; Kreutzbruck, M. The Role of Surface Topography on Deformation-Induced Magnetization under Inhomogeneous Elastic-Plastic Deformation. Materials 2018, 11, 1518. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11091518
Sonntag N, Skrotzki B, Stegemann R, Löwe P, Kreutzbruck M. The Role of Surface Topography on Deformation-Induced Magnetization under Inhomogeneous Elastic-Plastic Deformation. Materials. 2018; 11(9):1518. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11091518
Chicago/Turabian StyleSonntag, Nadja, Birgit Skrotzki, Robert Stegemann, Peter Löwe, and Marc Kreutzbruck. 2018. "The Role of Surface Topography on Deformation-Induced Magnetization under Inhomogeneous Elastic-Plastic Deformation" Materials 11, no. 9: 1518. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11091518