Evolution of Dislocation Loops Induced by Different Hydrogen Irradiation Conditions in Reduced-Activation Martensitic Steel
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Dislocation Loop Evolution in RAFM Steel with Increasing Temperature
3.2. Dislocation Loop Evolution in RAFM Steel with Increasing Hydrogen Fluence
3.3. Burgers Vectors Analysis of Dislocation Loops
4. Discussion
4.1. Evolution of Dislocation Loops Dependent on Irradiation Temperature
4.2. Evolution of Dislocation Loop Dependent on Irradiation Fluence
4.3. Burgers Vector Evolution of Dislocation Loop
5. Conclusions
- The results of the elevated temperature irradiations indicate that there is an optimum temperature for dislocation loop growth and nucleation, which, in this work, is 723 K. This is because of the differentiation of activation energy for migration between the self-interstitial and vacancy induced by hydrogen and the different chemical components of steels. The presence of hydrogen shifts the peak position of the size distribution of loops with temperature to the higher temperature.
- Compared with the neutron and heavy ion irradiations at the same damage level, larger dislocation loops were observed in the hydrogen ion irradiation. A potential mechanism was given as follows: the probability of the recombination of self-interstitials with vacancies that are produced by hydrogen irradiation can be effectively reduced through the formation of H–V complexes.
- At an irradiation temperature of 523 K, 47.3% a0 <111> and 52.7% a0 <100> loops were observed, but only a0 <100> loops were observed above 623 K, when irradiated to 0.16 dpa. This can be explained by the mechanism where an elevated temperature favors the transformation of a0 <111> to a0 <100> loops, and the irradiation ions of hydrogen and solute atoms, such as Cr, might further promote the transformation. The presence of hydrogen promotes the formation of a0 <100> loops.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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g\b | 111 | 11-1 | 1-11 | −111 | 100 | 010 | 001 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0–11 | × | √ | √ | × | × | √ | √ |
−200 | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | × | × |
−110 | × | × | √ | √ | √ | √ | × |
020 | √ | √ | √ | √ | × | √ | × |
110 | √ | √ | × | × | √ | √ | × |
Materials | Irradiation Type | Tirr (K) | Tirr (°C) | Dose (dpa) | Loop Size (nm) | Density (m−3) | Burgers Vectors of Loop | Ref. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Max | Mean | 1/2 a0 <111> | a0 <100> | |||||||
Pure Fe | Ion (Fe+) | 573 | 300 | 1 | - | 5–20 | - | 92% | 8% | [23] |
673 | 400 | 1.3 | 68 | 30–50 | - | √ | √ | [24] | ||
723 | 450 | 2 | 225 | - | - | √ | √ | [24] | ||
773 | 500 | 2 | 50 | - | - | × | √ | [24] | ||
2.5 | 85 | - | - | × | √ | [25] | ||||
823 | 550 | 74.2 | - | 100–150 | - | × | √ | [26] | ||
CLAM | Ion (Fe+) | 573 | 300 | 0.46 | 8.5 | - | 1.9 × 1022 | - | - | [27] |
2.79 | 13 | - | 2.8 × 1022 | - | - | [27] | ||||
823 | 550 | 0.38 | 18 | - | 9.4 × 1021 | - | - | [27] | ||
2.75 | 32 | - | 1.5 × 1022 | - | - | [27] | ||||
F82H | Neutron | 523 | 250 | 0.7 | - | 2.2 | 3 × 1021 | - | - | [28] |
2.8 | - | 7.9 | 1.4 × 1022 | √ | × | [29] | ||||
573 | 300 | 51 | - | 11 | 4 × 1022 | √ | × | [29] | ||
575 | 302 | 8.8 | - | 5.4 | - | √ | √ | [30] | ||
583 | 310 | 6.9 | - | 6.9 | 2.8 × 1022 | - | - | [28] | ||
673 | 400 | 7.4 | - | 33 | 6 × 1021 | - | - | [29] | ||
Eurofer-97 | Neutron | 573 | 300 | 15 | - | 2.8–4.2 | 2.1–5.8 × 1021 | √ | √ | [31] |
T91 | Neutron | 403 | 130 | 4.6 | - | 3.8 | 2.5 × 1022 | - | - | [32] |
523 | 250 | 8.3 | - | 4.5 | 3.6 × 1022 | - | - | [32] | ||
633 | 360 | 11.8 | - | 8.9 | 1.3 × 1022 | - | - | [32] | ||
FV448 | Neutron | 653 | 380 | 30 | 110 | 50 | 7 × 1021 | - | >98% | [33] |
733 | 460 | 30 | >300 | 300 | 1 × 1018 | - | >98% | [33] | ||
Fe-9.24Cr | Ion (H+) | 523 | 250 | 0.16 | 11.7 | 6.6 | 2.5 × 1021 | 47.3% | 52.7% | Present study |
623 | 350 | 0.16 | 68.9 | 34.0 | 1.1 × 1021 | × | √ | |||
723 | 450 | 0.06 | 8.1 | 4.3 | 6.6 × 1022 | × | √ | |||
0.1 | 52.7 | 22.9 | 8.1 × 1021 | × | √ | |||||
0.16 | 285.7 | 93.6 | 1.7 × 1021 | × | √ | |||||
823 | 550 | 0.16 | 58.1 | 36.0 | 7.9 × 1020 | × | √ |
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Zhang, W.; Guo, L.; Shen, Z.; Xin, J.; Huang, Q.; Wei, Y.; Long, Y.; Zhou, X.; Chen, C. Evolution of Dislocation Loops Induced by Different Hydrogen Irradiation Conditions in Reduced-Activation Martensitic Steel. Materials 2018, 11, 2276. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11112276
Zhang W, Guo L, Shen Z, Xin J, Huang Q, Wei Y, Long Y, Zhou X, Chen C. Evolution of Dislocation Loops Induced by Different Hydrogen Irradiation Conditions in Reduced-Activation Martensitic Steel. Materials. 2018; 11(11):2276. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11112276
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Weiping, Liping Guo, Zhenyu Shen, Jingping Xin, Qunying Huang, Yaxia Wei, Yunxiang Long, Xiong Zhou, and Cheng Chen. 2018. "Evolution of Dislocation Loops Induced by Different Hydrogen Irradiation Conditions in Reduced-Activation Martensitic Steel" Materials 11, no. 11: 2276. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11112276