Encapsulation of Rat Bone Marrow Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Alginate Dialdehyde/Gelatin Microbeads with and without Nanoscaled Bioactive Glass for In Vivo Bone Tissue Engineering
by
Ulrike Rottensteiner-Brandl 1,2,†, Rainer Detsch 3,†, Bapi Sarker 3,‡, Lara Lingens 1, Katrin Köhn 1, Ulrich Kneser 1,4, Anja K. Bosserhoff 2, Raymund E. Horch 1
, Aldo R. Boccaccini 3,* and Andreas Arkudas 1,*
Ulrike Rottensteiner-Brandl 1,2,†, Rainer Detsch 3,†, Bapi Sarker 3,‡, Lara Lingens 1, Katrin Köhn 1, Ulrich Kneser 1,4, Anja K. Bosserhoff 2, Raymund E. Horch 1, Aldo R. Boccaccini 3,* and Andreas Arkudas 1,*
1
Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
2
Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
3
Institute of Biomaterials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
4
Department of Hand-, Plastic- and Reconstructive Surgery—Burn Center, BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, University of Heidelberg, 67071 Ludwigshafen, Germany
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
‡
Current address: Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
Materials 2018, 11(10), 1880; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11101880
Received: 16 July 2018 / Revised: 21 September 2018 / Accepted: 22 September 2018 / Published: 1 October 2018
(This article belongs to the Collection Advanced Biomaterials for Cells Adhesion, Proliferation and Differentiation)
Alginate dialdehyde (ADA), gelatin, and nano-scaled bioactive glass (nBG) particles are being currently investigated for their potential use as three-dimensional scaffolding materials for bone tissue engineering. ADA and gelatin provide a three-dimensional scaffold with properties supporting cell adhesion and proliferation. Combined with nanocristalline BG, this composition closely mimics the mineral phase of bone. In the present study, rat bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), commonly used as an osteogenic cell source, were evaluated after encapsulation into ADA-gelatin hydrogel with and without nBG. High cell survival was found in vitro for up to 28 days with or without addition of nBG assessed by calcein staining, proving the cell-friendly encapsulation process. After subcutaneous implantation into rats, survival was assessed by DAPI/TUNEL fluorescence staining. Hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunohistochemical staining for the macrophage marker ED1 (CD68) and the endothelial cell marker lectin were used to evaluate immune reaction and vascularization. After in vivo implantation, high cell survival was found after 1 week, with a notable decrease after 4 weeks. Immune reaction was very mild, proving the biocompatibility of the material. Angiogenesis in implanted constructs was significantly improved by cell encapsulation, compared to cell-free beads, as the implanted MSCs were able to attract endothelial cells. Constructs with nBG showed higher numbers of vital MSCs and lectin positive endothelial cells, thus showing a higher degree of angiogenesis, although this difference was not significant. These results support the use of ADA/gelatin/nBG as a scaffold and of MSCs as a source of osteogenic cells for bone tissue engineering. Future studies should however improve long term cell survival and focus on differentiation potential of encapsulated cells in vivo.
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Keywords:
alginate dialdehyde; gelatin; nanoparticles; bioactive glass; tissue engineering; mesenchymal stem cells
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MDPI and ACS Style
Rottensteiner-Brandl, U.; Detsch, R.; Sarker, B.; Lingens, L.; Köhn, K.; Kneser, U.; Bosserhoff, A.K.; Horch, R.E.; Boccaccini, A.R.; Arkudas, A. Encapsulation of Rat Bone Marrow Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Alginate Dialdehyde/Gelatin Microbeads with and without Nanoscaled Bioactive Glass for In Vivo Bone Tissue Engineering. Materials 2018, 11, 1880.
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