Energy Conservation and Emissions Reduction in China’s Power Sector: Alternative Scenarios Up to 2020
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Current Situation of China’s Power Sector and Comparison with U.S.
2.1. The Current Situation of China’s Power Sector
2.2. Power Sector Comparison between China and the U.S.
3. Key Actions and Achievements of ECER in China’s Power Sector
3.1. Actions and Achievements in Optimizing the Power Generation Mix
3.2. Actions and Achievements in Adjusting Coal Power Generation Mix
3.3. Actions and Achievements in Energy Efficiency Benchmarking
3.4. Actions and Achievements in Transmission and Distribution (T&D) Network
3.5. Actions and Achievements in Developing Clean Coal Technologies (CCTs)
3.6. Actions and Achievements in Improving Energy Efficiency
4. ECER in China’s Power Sector into 2020
4.1. Baseline Scenario
4.2. ECER Scenario
4.2.1. Contribution from Technical and Operational Improvements
4.2.2. Contribution from Improvements in Generation Mix
Structural Improvement of Coal Power
Ambitious Clean Generation
4.2.3. Contribution from DSM
4.2.4. Total Potential of Energy Conservation Scenario
5. Conclusions and Policy Implications
- 1
- Attracting both domestic and overseas capital to invest in developing high-efficient and low-emissions coal power generation; imposing emissions tax or fossil energy tax and pricing policies on coal power to improve the effectiveness of economic incentives for generation corporations.
- 2
- Promoting energy-saving dispatch policies; expanding trans-regional transmissions; developing the technology of energy storage and forecasting to consume large amounts of renewable power, raising the proportion of renewable energy through the pricing policies in the power sector.
- 3
- Improving the sense of enterprise and individual’s social responsibility and enthusiasm to change the way in using power and improve terminal energy efficiency; and conducting market reform (including pricing mechanism reform in particular) to further implement DSM measures.
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
BAU | business-as-usual |
CCTs | clean coal technologies |
ECER | energy conservation and emissions reduction |
CEC | China Electricity Council |
CFB | circulating fluidized bed combustion |
DSM | Demand Side Management |
EEC | electricity elastic coefficient |
IGCC | integrated gasification combined cycle |
NDRC | National Development and Reform Commission |
NEA | National Energy Administration |
SBC | sub-critical |
SCC | State Council of China |
SERC | State Electricity Regulatory Commission |
SOE | state owned enterprise |
T&D | transmission and distribution |
USC | ultra-supercritical |
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Year | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Closed capacity (GW) | 3.14 | 14.36 | 16.68 | 26.17 | 16.90 | 3.46 | 6.16 | 4.47 | 9.09 1 |
Technology | Thermal Efficiency (%) | Coal Consumption (gce/kWh) | Overnight Cost ($/kW) | Emissions | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CO2 (g/kWh) | SO2 (mg/m3) | NOx (mg/m3) | ||||
SBC | <38% | >380 | 600–1980 | 950–1080 | <60–280 | <330–420 |
SC | 42–43% | 340–380 | 700–2310 | 920–960 | <100–150 | <300–500 |
CFB | 38–40% | -- | -- | 880–900 | <50–100 | <200 |
USC | 45% | 320–340 | 800–2530 | 740 | <20–100 (+FGD) | <50–100 (+SCR) |
IGCC | 45–50% | 290–320 | 1100–2860 | 670–740 | <20 | <30 |
Relevant Plans | Time Issued | Hydro | Wind | Nuclear | Solar | Biomass | Gas | Coal |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NDRC [42] | 2007.8 | 300 | 30 | -- | 1.8 | 30 | -- | -- |
NDRC [43] | 2007.10 | -- | -- | 40 | -- | -- | -- | -- |
CEC [44] | 2012.3 | 330 | 180 | 80 | 25 | 5 | 43 | 1160 |
NEA [45] | 2012.8 | 420 | 200 | -- | 50 | -- | -- | -- |
Baseline | -- | 420 | 200 | 40 | 50 | 30 | 43 | 1160 |
Item | Own Consumption Rate | Line Loss | Heat Rate |
---|---|---|---|
BAU scenario | 5% | 6.2% | 310 gce/kWh |
ECER scenario | 4.18% | 5.7% | 307 gce/kWh |
Contribution | Primary Energy Conservation (Mtce) | CO2 Abatement (Mt) | SO2 Abatement (Mt) | NOx Abatement (Mt) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Self-consumption (4.18%) | 15.69 | 62.07 | 0.42 | 0.39 |
Line loss (5.7%) | 9.57 | |||
Total | 25.26 |
Capacity Type (MW) | Subtotal (GW) | Share (%) | Annual Operation (h) | Heat Rate (gce/kWh) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Unit ≥ 1000 | 58.37 | 9.31 | 5400 | 292 |
600 ≤ unit < 1000 | 247.21 | 39.65 | 5122 | 313 |
300 ≤ unit < 600 | 238.98 | 38.36 | 4525 | 322 |
200 ≤ unit < 300 | 42.04 | 6.74 | 4451 | 342 |
Unit <200 | 36.54 | 5.94 | 4713 | 365 |
Technology | Steam Temperature (°C) | Steam Pressure (MPa) | Thermal Efficiency (%) | Heat Rate (gce/kWh) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Medium temperature & pressure | 435 | 35 | 24 | 480 |
High temperature & pressure | 500 | 90 | 33 | 390 |
Ultrahigh pressure | 535 | 13 | 35 | 360 |
SBC | 545 | 17 | 38 | 324 |
SC | 566 | 24 | 41 | 300 |
USC | 600 | 27 | 43 | 284 |
700 °C USC | 700 | 35 | >46 | 210 |
Capacity Type (MW) | Share (%) | Subtotal (GW) | Heat Rate (gce/kWh) | Primary Energy Conservation (Mtce) | Abatement (Mt) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CO2 | SO2 | NOx | |||||
Unit ≥1000 | 9.31 | 108.00 | 284(8) | 4.67 | 36.56 | 0.25 | 0.23 |
600 ≤ unit < 1000 | 52.33 | 607.03 | 300(13) | 40.42 | |||
300 ≤ unit < 600 | 38.36 | 444.98 | 322(−15) | −30.20 | |||
Total | 100 | 1160.00 | -- | 14.88 |
Item | Nuclear | Wind | Solar | Total | Reduced Coal Share | Primary Energy Conservation (Mtce) | Abatement (Mt) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CO2 | SO2 | NOx | |||||||
BAU scenario share (%) | 2.06 | 9.78 | 2.57 | 14.41 | 6.32 | 123.52 | 304.55 | 2.04 | 1.93 |
Cleaner scenario share (%) | 3.35 | 12.23 | 5.15 | 20.73 |
Electricity Supply (TWh) | Avoided Demand (TWh) | Primary Energy Conservation (Mtce) | Emissions (Mt) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CO2 | SO2 | NOx | ||||
Without DSM | 8108.70 | 243.26 | 75.90 | 186.46 | 1.25 | 1.18 |
With DSM | 7865.44 |
Contribution | Primary Energy Conservation (Mtce) | Abatement (Mt) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
CO2 | SO2 | NOx | ||
Operation improvement | 25.26 | 62.07 | 0.42 | 0.39 |
Coal power | 14.88 | 36.56 | 0.25 | 0.23 |
Clean energy | 123.52 | 304.55 | 2.04 | 1.93 |
DSM | 75.90 | 186.46 | 1.25 | 1.18 |
Total | 239.56 | 589.64 | 3.96 | 3.73 |
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Yuan, J.; Na, C.; Hu, Z.; Li, P. Energy Conservation and Emissions Reduction in China’s Power Sector: Alternative Scenarios Up to 2020. Energies 2016, 9, 266. https://doi.org/10.3390/en9040266
Yuan J, Na C, Hu Z, Li P. Energy Conservation and Emissions Reduction in China’s Power Sector: Alternative Scenarios Up to 2020. Energies. 2016; 9(4):266. https://doi.org/10.3390/en9040266
Chicago/Turabian StyleYuan, Jiahai, Chunning Na, Zheng Hu, and Ping Li. 2016. "Energy Conservation and Emissions Reduction in China’s Power Sector: Alternative Scenarios Up to 2020" Energies 9, no. 4: 266. https://doi.org/10.3390/en9040266