Distributed Renewable Generation and Storage System Sizing Based on Smart Dispatch of Microgrids
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- An integrated and comprehensive model that accounts for DR, DESS dispatch and performance degradation, dynamic pricing environments, power distribution loss and irregular renewable generation.
- Intelligent energy management that coincides with a smart grid framework.
- A computationally-efficient optimization method that can be practically used for long-term planning.
2. System Structure
3. Energy Management System
3.1. Newton-Raphson Load Flow Model
3.2. Linear Programming Dispatch Model
3.2.1. Energy Balance and Power Limits
3.2.2. Demand Response Limits
3.2.3. Objective Function
3.3. Variables Update and Decomposition
4. Genetic Algorithm Optimization
5. Case Study
5.1. Case 1
5.2. Case 2
5.3. Case 3
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
EMS | Energy management system |
EV | Electric vehicle |
DG | Distributed generation |
DR | Demand response |
DRG | Distributed renewable generation |
DESS | Distributed energy storage system |
GA | Genetic algorithm |
IO | Independent owner |
LP | Linear programming |
LCE | Levelized cost of energy |
MG | Microgrid |
NRLF | Newton-Raphson load flow |
NRLP | Newton-Raphson linear programming |
PV | Photovoltaic |
WT | Wind turbine |
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WT Cost | Battery Cost | Annual Maintenance | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
($/kW) | ($/kWh) | (%) | (kW) | - | - |
2500 [43] | 150 [44] | 2 | 0.5 | 3 × 10−4 | 0.86 |
Bus number | 820 | 834 | 844 | 848 | 890 |
DESS size (kWh) | 60 | 40 | 0 | 100 | 60 |
WT size (kW) | 100 | 150 | 225 | 125 | 225 |
Bus number | 820 | 834 | 844 | 848 | 890 |
DESS size (kWh) | 30 | 40 | 20 | 30 | 20 |
WT size (kW) | 75 | 250 | 200 | 150 | 225 |
Bus number | 820 | 834 | 844 | 848 | 890 |
DESS size (kWh) | 400 | 380 | 260 | 230 | 210 |
WT size (kW) | 475 | 475 | 450 | 500 | 325 |
Bus number | 820 | 834 | 844 | 848 | 890 |
DESS size (kWh) | 330 | 180 | 40 | 200 | 100 |
WT size (kW) | 800 | 300 | 225 | 775 | 300 |
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Atia, R.; Yamada, N. Distributed Renewable Generation and Storage System Sizing Based on Smart Dispatch of Microgrids. Energies 2016, 9, 176. https://doi.org/10.3390/en9030176
Atia R, Yamada N. Distributed Renewable Generation and Storage System Sizing Based on Smart Dispatch of Microgrids. Energies. 2016; 9(3):176. https://doi.org/10.3390/en9030176
Chicago/Turabian StyleAtia, Raji, and Noboru Yamada. 2016. "Distributed Renewable Generation and Storage System Sizing Based on Smart Dispatch of Microgrids" Energies 9, no. 3: 176. https://doi.org/10.3390/en9030176