Isolation and Characterization of a Marine Microalga for Biofuel Production with Astaxanthin as a Co-Product
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Strains and Culture Conditions
2.2. Electron Microscopy Morphology Analysis
2.3. Phylogenetic Analysis
2.4. Lipid Extraction and Fatty Acid Analysis
2.5. Pigment Extraction and Analysis
2.6. Cell Settling Tests
2.7. Effects of Initial NaNO3 Concentration on Microalgae Growth, Lipid and Astaxanthin Accumulation
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Molecular Identification
3.2. Morphology Analysis
3.3. Identification and Quantification of Astaxanthin
3.4. Fatty Acid (FA) Composition
Fatty acids | Relative content of the total fatty acids (%, w/w) | More than half of the total fatty acids |
---|---|---|
C14:0 | 0.28 | No |
C16:0 | 25.86 | No |
C16:1 | 5.46 | No |
C16:2 | 4.23 | No |
C16:4 | 1.24 | No |
C18:0 | 3.36 | No |
C18:1 | 56.63 | Yes |
C18:2 | 0.99 | No |
C18:4 | 0.57 | No |
C20:1 | 0.75 | No |
C28:0 | 0.63 | No |
SFA | 30.13 | No |
UFA | 69.87 | Yes |
MUFA | 62.84 | Yes |
PUFA | 7.03 | No |
3.5. Removal Efficiency of HA-1
3.6. Effects of NaNO3 on Growth, Lipid and Astaxanthin Accumulation
Fatty acids | Relative content of the total fatty acids (%, w/w) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.075 g/L NaNO3 | 0.15 g/L NaNO3 | 0.3 g/L NaNO3 | 0.6 g/L NaNO3 | 0.9 g/L NaNO3 | |
C14:0 | 0.38 | 0.35 | 0.25 | 0.23 | 0.24 |
C16:0 | 26.29 | 26.03 | 26.56 | 25.53 | 25.65 |
C16:1 | 2.32 | 3.11 | 2.67 | 3.05 | 3.23 |
C16:2 | 3.69 | 4.15 | 3.65 | 4.64 | 5.01 |
C16:4 | 0.87 | 0.95 | 0.81 | 0.88 | 0.81 |
C18:0 | 2.42 | 2.55 | 2.99 | 3.69 | 3.62 |
C18:1 | 61.63 | 60.8 | 60.63 | 58.73 | 58.39 |
C18:2 | 1.35 | 1.15 | 1.4 | 1.78 | 1.58 |
C18:4 | 0.41 | 0.26 | 0.44 | 0.77 | 0.77 |
C20:1 | 0.54 | 0.48 | 0.42 | 0.51 | 0.48 |
C28:0 | 0.1 | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.22 |
SFA | 29.19 | 29.1 | 29.98 | 29.64 | 29.73 |
UFA | 70.81 | 70.9 | 70.02 | 70.36 | 70.27 |
MUFA | 64.49 | 64.39 | 63.72 | 62.29 | 62.1 |
PUFA | 6.32 | 6.51 | 6.3 | 8.07 | 8.17 |
3.7. Economic Analysis of HA-1 for Biofuel
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
- Huo, S.; Dong, R.; Wang, Z.; Pang, C.; Yuan, Z.; Zhu, S.; Chen, L. Available resources for algal biofuel development in China. Energies 2011, 4, 1321–1335. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Scott, S.A.; Davey, M.P.; Dennis, J.S.; Horst, I.; Howe, C.J.; Lea-Smith, D.J.; Smith, A.G. Biodiesel from algae: Challenges and prospects. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 2010, 21, 277–286. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Oltra, C. Stakeholder perceptions of biofuels from microalgae. Energy Policy 2011, 39, 1774–1781. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brennan, L.; Owende, P. Biofuels from microalgae—A review of technologies for production, processing, and extractions of biofuels and co-products. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2010, 14, 557–577. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mata, T.M.; Martins, A.A.; Caetano, N.S. Microalgae for biodiesel production and other applications: A review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2010, 14, 217–232. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Williams, P.J.; Laurens, L.M.L. Microalgae as biodiesel & biomass feedstocks: Review & analysis of the biochemistry, energetics & economics. Energy Environ. Sci. 2010, 3, 554–590. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, F.; Liu, Z.; Li, D.; Liu, C.; Zheng, P.; Chen, S. Using ammonia for algae harvesting and as nutrient in subsequent cultures. Bioresour. Technol. 2012, 121, 298–303. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mandal, S.; Mallick, N. Microalga Scenedesmus obliquus as a potential source for biodiesel production. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2009, 84, 281–291. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Thana, P.; Machmudah, S.; Goto, M.; Sasaki, M.; Pavasant, P.; Shotipruk, A. Response surface methodology to supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis. Bioresour. Technol. 2008, 99, 3110–3115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Guillard, R.R.L.; Ryther, J.H. Studies of marine planktonic diatoms: I. Cyclotella nana hustedt, and Detonula confervacea (cleve) gran. Can. J. Microbiol. 1962, 8, 229–239. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bischoff, H.W.; Bold, H.C. Some Soil Algae from Enchanted Rock and Related Algal Species; Phycological Studies Volume 6318; University of Texas: Austin, TX, USA, 1963. [Google Scholar]
- Gamliel, H.; Gurfel, D.; Leizerowitz, R.; Polliack, A. Air-drying human leucocytes for scanning electron microscopy using the GTGO procedure. J. Microsc. 1983, 131, 87–95. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Morin, N.; Vallaeys, T.; Hendrickx, L.; Natalie, L.; Wilmotte, A. An efficient DNA isolation protocol for filamentous cyanobacteria of the genus Arthrospira. J. Microbiol. Methods 2010, 80, 148–154. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tamura, K.; Peterson, D.; Peterson, N.; Stecher, G.; Nei, M.; Kumar, S. MEGA5: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2011, 28, 2731–2739. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Saitou, N.; Nei, M. The neighbor-joining method: A new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Mol. Biol. Evol. 1987, 4, 406–425. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Felsenstein, J. Confidence limits on phylogenies: An approach using the bootstrap. Evolution 1985, 39, 783–791. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tamura, K.; Nei, M.; Kumar, S. Prospects for inferring very large phylogenies by using the neighbor-joining method. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2004, 101, 11030–11035. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yuan, C.; Liu, J.; Fan, Y.; Ren, X.; Hu, G.; Li, F. Mychonastes afer HSO-3-1 as a potential new source of biodiesel. Biotechnol. Biofuels 2011, 4, 47:1–47:8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, X.; Liu, P.; Hao, Z.; Shi, J.; Zhang, S. Characterization and identification of freshwater microalgal strains toward biofuel production. Bioresources 2012, 7, 686–695. [Google Scholar]
- Couso, I.; Vila, M.; Vigara, J.; Cordero, B.F.; Vargas, M.Á.; Rodríguez, H.; León, R. Synthesis of carotenoids and regulation of the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway in response to high light stress in the unicellular microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Eur. J. Phycol. 2012, 47, 223–232. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rodríguez, M.C.; Cerezo, A.S. The resistant “biopolymer” in cell walls of Coelastrum sphaericum. Phytochemistry 1996, 43, 731–734. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hegewald, E.; Wolf, M.; Keller, A.; Friedl, T.; Krienitz, L. ITS2 sequence-structure phylogeny in the Scenedesmaceae with special reference to Coelastrum (Chlorophyta, Chlorophyceae), including the new genera Comasiella and Pectinodesmus. Phycologia 2010, 49, 325–335. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gao, Z.; Meng, C.; Zhang, X.; Xu, D.; Miao, X.; Wang, Y.; Yang, L.; Lv, H.; Chen, L.; Ye, N. Induction of salicylic acid (SA) on transcriptional expression of eight carotenoid genes and astaxanthin accumulation in Haematococcus pluvialis. Enzym. Microb. Technol. 2012, 51, 225–230. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Collins, A.M.; Jones, H.D.T.; Han, D.; Hu, Q.; Beechem, T.E.; Timlin, J.A. Carotenoid distribution in living cells of Haematococcus pluvialis (Chlorophyceae). PloS One 2011, 6, e24302:1–e24302:7. [Google Scholar]
- Del Campo, J.A.; Rodríguez, H.; Moreno, J.; Vargas, M.Á.; Rivas, J.; Guerrero, M.G. Accumulation of astaxanthin and lutein in Chlorella zofingiensis (Chlorophyta). Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2004, 64, 848–854. [Google Scholar]
- Sarada, R.; Tripathi, U.; Ravishankar, G.A. Influence of stress on astaxanthin production in Haematococcus pluvialis grown under different culture conditions. Process Biochem. 2002, 37, 623–627. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhekisheva, M.; Boussiba, S.; Khozin-Goldberg, I.; Zarka, A.; Cohen, Z. Accumulation of oleic acid in Haematococcus pluvialis (Chlorophyceae) under nitrogen starvation or high light is correlated with that of astaxanthin esters. J. Phycol. 2002, 38, 325–331. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Damiani, M.C.; Popovich, C.A.; Constenla, D.; Leonardi, P.I. Lipid analysis in Haematococcus pluvialis to assess its potential use as a biodiesel feedstock. Bioresour. Technol. 2010, 101, 3801–3807. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nascimento, M.D.; Ortiz-Marquez, J.C.F.; Sanchez-Rizza, L.; Echarte, M.M.; Curatti, L. Bioprospecting for fast growing and biomass characterization of oleaginous microalgae from South–Eastern Buenos Aires, Argentina. Bioresour. Technol. 2012, 125, 283–290. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Xu, H.; Miao, X.; Wu, Q. High quality biodiesel production from a microalga Chlorella protothecoides by heterotrophic growth in fermenters. J. Biotechnol. 2006, 126, 499–507. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Uduman, N.; Qi, Y.; Danquah, M.K.; Forde, G.M.; Hoadley, A. Dewatering of microalgal cultures: A major bottleneck to algae-based fuels. J. Renew. Sustain. Energy 2010, 2, 012701:1–012701:15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Raimbault, P.; Slawyk, G.; Coste, B.; Fry, J. Feasibility of using an automated colorimetric procedure for the determination of seawater nitrate in the 0 to 100 nM range: Examples from field and culture. Mar. Biol. 1990, 104, 347–351. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, Y.; Horsman, M.; Wang, B.; Wu, N.; Lan, C.Q. Effects of nitrogen sources on cell growth and lipid accumulation of green alga Neochloris oleoabundans. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2008, 81, 629–636. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Long, T.; Wu, L.; Meng, G.; Guo, W. Numerical simulation for impacts of hydrodynamic conditions on algae growth in Chongqing Section of Jialing River, China. Ecol. Model. 2011, 222, 112–119. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Illman, A.M.; Scragg, A.H.; Shales, S.W. Increase in Chlorella strains calorific values when grown in low nitrogen medium. Enzym. Microb. Technol. 2000, 27, 631–635. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hu, Q.; Sommerfeld, M.; Jarvis, E.; Ghirardi, M.; Posewitz, M.; Seibert, M.; Darzins, A. Microalgal triacylglycerols as feedstocks for biofuel production: Perspectives and advances. Plant J. 2008, 54, 621–639. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Davis, R.; Aden, A.; Pienkos, P.T. Techno-economic analysis of autotrophic microalgae for fuel production. Appl. Energy 2011, 88, 3524–3531. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
© 2013 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
Share and Cite
Liu, Z.; Liu, C.; Hou, Y.; Chen, S.; Xiao, D.; Zhang, J.; Chen, F. Isolation and Characterization of a Marine Microalga for Biofuel Production with Astaxanthin as a Co-Product. Energies 2013, 6, 2759-2772. https://doi.org/10.3390/en6062759
Liu Z, Liu C, Hou Y, Chen S, Xiao D, Zhang J, Chen F. Isolation and Characterization of a Marine Microalga for Biofuel Production with Astaxanthin as a Co-Product. Energies. 2013; 6(6):2759-2772. https://doi.org/10.3390/en6062759
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Zhiyong, Chenfeng Liu, Yuyong Hou, Shulin Chen, Dongguang Xiao, Juankun Zhang, and Fangjian Chen. 2013. "Isolation and Characterization of a Marine Microalga for Biofuel Production with Astaxanthin as a Co-Product" Energies 6, no. 6: 2759-2772. https://doi.org/10.3390/en6062759