High Lipid Induction in Microalgae for Biodiesel Production
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Lipids in Microalgae
3. Methods of Lipid Induction
3.1. Nutrient Starvation
Microalgae species or strain | Nutrient stress | Changes in lipid profile after induction | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Scenedesmus subspicatus | Nitrogen limitation | Increase in total lipids (lipid: amide ratio) | [42] |
Nannochloropsis oculata | Nitrogen limitation | Total lipid increased by 15.31% | [43] |
Chlorella vulgaris | Nitrogen limitation | Total lipid increased by 16.41% | [43] |
Chlorella vulgaris | Nitrogen limitation | Lipid productivity of 78 mg/L d | [24] |
Chlorella sp. | Nitrogen limitation | Lipid productivity of 53.96 ± 0.63 mg/L d | [25] |
Phaeodactylum tricornutum | Nitrogen limitation | TAG levels increased from 69 to 75% | [29] |
Dunaliella tertiolecta | Nitrogen limitation | Five times increase in lipid fluorescence | [44] |
Chlorella vulgaris | Nitrogen medium | Lipids increased by 40% | [31] |
Chlorella vulgaris | Nitrogen limitation | Increase in TAG | [35] |
Chlorella sp. | Nutrient-deprived conditions (nitrogen, phosphate-potassium, iron, and all three combined) | Total lipid production of 49.16 ± 1.36 mg/L d | [25] |
Chlorella sp. | Urea limitation | Total lipid productivity of 0.124 g/ L d | [26] |
Neochloris oleoabundans | Ammonium nitrate | Lipid productivity of 0.133 g /L d | [45] |
Scenedesmus sp., Coelastrella sp. | Combined effect of Ph and N-limitation | Increase in TAG | [46] |
Phaeodactylum tricornutum , Chaetoceros sp., Isochrysis galbana | Phosphorus limitation | Increase in total lipids with higher relative content of 16:0 and 18:1 | [37] |
Monodus subterraneus | Phosphorus limitation | Increase in TAG | [15] |
Scenedesmus sp | Nitrogen and phosphorus starvation | Lipids increased 30% and 53%, respectively | [30] |
Chlorella sp. | Silicon deficiency | - | [33] |
Chlorella kessleri | Phosphorus limitation | Increase in unsaturated FAs | [38] |
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii | Sulphur limitation | PG was increased by 2-fold | [17] |
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii | Sulphur limition | Increase in TAG | [41] |
Cyclotella cryptica | Silicon starvation | Increased in total lipids from 27.6% to 54.1% | [47] |
3.2. Temperature Stress
Microalgae species or strain | Stressing agent | Lipid profile change after induction | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Chaetoceros sp. | Grown at 25 °C | Total lipid increased by 16.8% | [49] |
Rhodomonas sp., Cryptomonas sp., Isochrysis sp. | Range of 27 °C to 30 °C | Lipid production increased by 15.5, 12.7, and 21.7% respectively | [49] |
Nannochloropsis oculata | Increase from 20 °C to 25 °C | Lipid production increased by 14.92% | [43] |
Isochrysis galbana | Increase from 15 ° C to 30 ° C | Increase in neutral lipids | [59] |
Chlorella ellipsoidea | Lowering temperature | Unsaturated FA was increased by 2-fold | [62] |
Nannochloropsis salina | Increase in temperature | Increase in total lipids | [57] |
Dunaliella salina | Shift from 30 °C to 12 °C | Increase in unsaturated lipids | [12] |
Ochromonas danica | Increase from 15 °C to 30 °C | Increase in total lipids | [55] |
Selenastrum capricornutum | Temperature from 25 °C to 10 °C | Increase in oleate fatty acid | [58] |
Isochrysis galbana | Grown at 30 °C | Increase in total lipids | [59] |
Phaeodactylum tricornutum | Shifted from 25 °C to 10 °C for 12 h | Highest yields of PUFA and EPA | [60] |
Pavlova lutheri | Grown at 15 °C | Increased relative amount of EPA | [63] |
Spirulina platensis, Chlorella vulgaris, Botryococcus braunii | Increase in temperature | Saturated FAs increased | [56] |
3.3. Salinity-Induced Lipid Production
3.4. The Effect of pH and Heavy Metals Stress
Microalgae sp | Salinity change | Lipid profile change after induction | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Dunaliella salina | Transferred from 29 to 205 g/L NaCl | Increased concentration of C18 FA | [66] |
Dunaliella tertiolecta | Transferred from 29 g/L to 58 g/L NaCl | Increase in lipid content and TAG | [67] |
Dunaliella sp. | Increased salinity from 23 to 234 g/L NaCl | Increase in total FA and monounsaturated FA | [68] |
Nitzschia laevis | NaCl concentration increased from 10 to 20 g/L | Increase in unsaturated FA | [69] |
Crythecodinium. cohnii ATCC 30556 | At 9 g/L NaCl | Increase in total FA content and DHA | [70] |
Schizochytrium limacinum | Salinity at 9–36 g/L at temperature range of 16–30 °C | Saturated FA C15:0 and C17:0 was greatly increased | [71] |
Unidentified Chlamydomonas sp. | Low pH | Increase in saturated FAs | [73] |
Chlorella sp. | alkaline pH | Increase in TAG | [72] |
Euglenia gracilis | Cadmium, copper, zinc | Increase in total lipids | [74] |
Chlorella vulgaris | Fe3+ | Increase in total lipids to 56.6% of biomass | [34] |
3.5. Light Irradiation Stress
3.6. UV Irradiance for Lipid Induction
Microalgae sp | Irradiation type | Lipid profile change after induction | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Tichocarpus crinitus | Low light intensity | Increased TAG | [78] |
Pavlova lutheri | High light intensities | Increased total lipid content | [81] |
Thalassiosira pseudonana | Continuous or light/dark cycled strong light at exponential growth | Increased PUFA | [77] |
Thalassiosira pseudonana | Continuous or light/dark cycled strong light at stationary phase | Increased TAG | [77] |
Unidentified diatoms | Low light (2 µmol photons m−2 s−1) | 50% more MGDG | [82] |
Selenastrum capricornutum | Dark treatment | Increase in linoleate FA | [58] |
Prorocentrum minimum | Dark treatment | Marginal increase in phospholipids | [58] |
Isochrysis galbana | Shorter light period | Increase of PUFA | [83] |
Nannochloropsis oculata | UV-A | Increase of PUFA, structural lipids | [91] |
P. antarctica | Low UV-B | Increase in PUFA, structural lipids | [70] |
C. simplex | High UV-B | Increase in total lipids | [70] |
Tetraselmis sp. | UV-B radiation | Increase in saturated and monounsaturated FA | [93] |
Phaeodactylum tricornutum | UV radiation | Increased EPA and PUFA | [98] |
Chaetoceros muelleri | UV-A | Increased monounsaturated FA | [98] |
Nannochloropsis sp. | UV-A | Increase in saturated FA to PUFA ratio | [96] |
4. Genetic Engineering of Microalgae to Increase Lipid Production
5. Conclusions and Future Directions
References
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Sharma, K.K.; Schuhmann, H.; Schenk, P.M. High Lipid Induction in Microalgae for Biodiesel Production. Energies 2012, 5, 1532-1553. https://doi.org/10.3390/en5051532
Sharma KK, Schuhmann H, Schenk PM. High Lipid Induction in Microalgae for Biodiesel Production. Energies. 2012; 5(5):1532-1553. https://doi.org/10.3390/en5051532
Chicago/Turabian StyleSharma, Kalpesh K., Holger Schuhmann, and Peer M. Schenk. 2012. "High Lipid Induction in Microalgae for Biodiesel Production" Energies 5, no. 5: 1532-1553. https://doi.org/10.3390/en5051532