A Review of Current Issues in State-of-Art of Wind Farm Overvoltage Protection
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Issues Related to Lightning Incidence of Wind Farms
2.1. Lightning Incidence of Wind Turbines
2.2. Lightning Incidence of MV Cables
3. Issues Related to EMTP Models of Wind Farm Components
3.1. WT Grounding System
General Complexity | Grounding System Models | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Electric Circuit | TLM | Electromagnetic | Hybrid | |
Math. apparatus | Simple | Simple | Complicated | Fairly complicated |
Comprehension | Very easy | Easy | Difficult | Fairly difficult |
Solution procedure | Simple; Easy to include soil ionization; Can not predict wave propagation | Simple; Can include soil ionization; Can predict wave propagation | Complicated; Difficult to include soil ionization; Can predict wave propagation | Complicated; Difficult to include soil ionization; Gene-rally can predict wave propagation |
CPU usage | Small | Small | Large | Fairly large |
Accuracy | Least accurate | Fairly accurate | Most accurate | Fairly accurate |
EMTP integration | Very easy | Easy | Very difficult | Difficult |
3.2. WT Tower and Blades
3.3. Step-Up Transformer and WT Internal Components
3.4. Three-Phase Single-Core MV Cables
3.5. Lightning Current and Channel
4. Issues Related to the MO Surge Arrester Selection
4.1. Wind Farm Topology
4.2. Selection of Surge Arrester Electrical Data
4.3. Surge Arrester Installation
4.4. Surge Arrester Energy Capability
Scenario | MO Surge Arrester Risk of Failure | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
wr = 2 kJ/kV | wr = 4 kJ/kV | wr = 6 kJ/kV | ||
RDC = 10 Ω 1/75 μs | 0.50% | 0.02% | 0.00% | |
RDC = 10 Ω 1/150 μs | 6.14% | 0.52% | 0.08% | |
RDC = 30 Ω 1/75 μs | 0.97% | 0.03% | 0.01% | |
RDC = 30 Ω 1/150 μs | 11.56% | 0.96% | 0.13% |
5. Conclusions and Discussion
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Sarajčev, P.; Goić, R. A Review of Current Issues in State-of-Art of Wind Farm Overvoltage Protection. Energies 2011, 4, 644-668. https://doi.org/10.3390/en4040644
Sarajčev P, Goić R. A Review of Current Issues in State-of-Art of Wind Farm Overvoltage Protection. Energies. 2011; 4(4):644-668. https://doi.org/10.3390/en4040644
Chicago/Turabian StyleSarajčev, Petar, and Ranko Goić. 2011. "A Review of Current Issues in State-of-Art of Wind Farm Overvoltage Protection" Energies 4, no. 4: 644-668. https://doi.org/10.3390/en4040644