Low-Cost Feedstock Conversion to Biodiesel via Ultrasound Technology
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
Property | Waste Oil | Soybean Oil | Sunflower Oil |
---|---|---|---|
Fatty Acid Composition (%) | |||
Palmitic Acid C16:0 | 14 | 11.75 | 6.08 |
Stearic acid C18:0 | 6.02 | 3.15 | 3.26 |
Oleic Acid C18:1 | 35.60 | 23.26 | 16.93 |
Linoleic Acid C18:2 | 44.78 | 55.53 | 73.73 |
Linolenic Acid C18:3 | 0.6 | 6.31 | 0.00 |
Mean Molecular weight | 884.16 | ||
Viscosity (m Pas) at 40 °C | 37 | 29.3 | 29.4 |
Fatty Acid Value | 1.73 | 0.021 | 0.03 |
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Effect of Catalyst Concentration
Catalyst | Mechanical Stirring | Ultrasonication | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Concentration | (600 rpm) Yield (%) | (24 kHz) Yield (%) | ||||
KOH (%wt/wt) | WCO | Sunflower | Soybean | WCO | Sunflower | Soybean |
0.5 | 71.3 ± 0.2 | 92.2 ± 0.12 | 90 ± 0.67 | 78.2 ± 0.06 | 95.30 ± 0.8 | 98.23 ± 0.2 |
0.75 | 96.8 ± 0.08 | 94.32 ± 0.4 | 97.65 ± 0.04 | |||
1.0 | 87.33 ± 0.3 | 93.32 ± 0.2 | 92 ± 1.2 | 95.98 ± 0.7 | 91.78 ± 0.3 | 93.67 ± 0.56 |
1.25 | 93.4 ± 0.67 | 90.64 ± 0.5 | 90.03 ± 0.78 | |||
1.5 | 91.2 ± 0.1 | 90.12 ± 1.1 | 88.2 ± 0.7 | 94.8 ± 0.03 | 88.78 ± 0.3 | 86.4 ± 0.45 |
3.2. Effect of Reaction Time
3.3. Effect of Reaction Temperature
Test parameter | Unit | Result | SANS 1935:2004 | Test method |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total ester | Mass% | 96.78 | 96.5 min | ASTM 6584 |
Total glycerol | Mass% | 0.25 | 0.25 max | ASTM 6584 |
Free glycerol | Mass% | 0.01 | 0.02 max | AOCS Ca14-56 |
Monoglyceride | Mass% | 0.65 | 0.8 max | AOCS Ca14-56 |
Diglyceride | Mass% | 0.17 | 0.2 max | ASTM 6584 |
Triglyceride | Mass% | 0.18 | 0.2 max | ASTM 6584 |
Methanol | Mass% | 0.14 | 0.2 max | EN 14110 |
Viscosity (40 °C) | (mm2/s) | 4.08 | 1.9–6.0 | |
Flash point | °C | 150 | min 120 | ISO 3679 |
Density | Kg/m-3 | 891.1 | 860-900 | ISO 3675 |
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgement
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Babajide, O.; Petrik, L.; Amigun, B.; Ameer, F. Low-Cost Feedstock Conversion to Biodiesel via Ultrasound Technology. Energies 2010, 3, 1691-1703. https://doi.org/10.3390/en3101691
Babajide O, Petrik L, Amigun B, Ameer F. Low-Cost Feedstock Conversion to Biodiesel via Ultrasound Technology. Energies. 2010; 3(10):1691-1703. https://doi.org/10.3390/en3101691
Chicago/Turabian StyleBabajide, Omotola, Leslie Petrik, Bamikole Amigun, and Farouk Ameer. 2010. "Low-Cost Feedstock Conversion to Biodiesel via Ultrasound Technology" Energies 3, no. 10: 1691-1703. https://doi.org/10.3390/en3101691