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Energies
Volume 19
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10.3390/en19010148
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Intelligent Modeling of PV–BESS Microgrids for Enhanced Stability, Cyber–Physical Resilience and Blackout Prevention

by
Dragos Pasculescu
1,*,
Simona Riurean
1,
Mila Ilieva Obretenova
2,
Teodora Lazar
1,
Adina Milena Tatar
3 and
Nicolae Daniel Fita
1
1
Automation, Computer, Electrical and Power Department, University of Petrosani, 332006 Petrosani, Romania
2
Department of Electric Power Engineering and Automation, University of Mining and Geology St. Ivan Rilski, 1700 Sofia, Bulgaria
3
Faculty of Engineering, University „Constantin Brâncuşi” of Târgu-Jiu, 210135 Târgu-Jiu, Romania
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Energies 2026, 19(1), 148; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19010148 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 12 November 2025 / Revised: 8 December 2025 / Accepted: 24 December 2025 / Published: 26 December 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Monitoring and Modeling of Electrical Systems in Renewable-Powered Microgrids: Challenges and Solutions for Strengthening Energy Security and Blackout Prevention)
Versions Notes

Abstract

This paper proposes and validates a method for assessing the resilience of cyber–physical microgrids integrating Photovoltaic (PV) generation and Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS). The approach combines two operational performance indicators—Voltage Deviation Index (VDI) and Energy Not Supplied (ENS)—with a composite resilience index that captures recovery dynamics following physical and cyber disturbances. The method is implemented in MATLAB Simulink R2022b on the IEEE 33-bus feeder, with PV at bus 6 and a BESS at bus 18. Two stress scenarios are analyzed: (i) loss of the main supply at bus 2 and (ii) a cyber-induced communication failure that triggers local (fallback) operation. Compared with the base case, the proposed strategy reduces VDI by approximately 27% and ENS by 12%, demonstrating significantly improved resilience without noticeable performance penalties.
Keywords: renewable-powered microgrids; PV–BESS systems; intelligent modeling; cyber—physical resilience; blackout prevention; grid stability; energy storage integration; predictive simulation; cybersecurity in power systems renewable-powered microgrids; PV–BESS systems; intelligent modeling; cyber—physical resilience; blackout prevention; grid stability; energy storage integration; predictive simulation; cybersecurity in power systems

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MDPI and ACS Style

Pasculescu, D.; Riurean, S.; Ilieva Obretenova, M.; Lazar, T.; Tatar, A.M.; Fita, N.D. Intelligent Modeling of PV–BESS Microgrids for Enhanced Stability, Cyber–Physical Resilience and Blackout Prevention. Energies 2026, 19, 148. https://doi.org/10.3390/en19010148

AMA Style

Pasculescu D, Riurean S, Ilieva Obretenova M, Lazar T, Tatar AM, Fita ND. Intelligent Modeling of PV–BESS Microgrids for Enhanced Stability, Cyber–Physical Resilience and Blackout Prevention. Energies. 2026; 19(1):148. https://doi.org/10.3390/en19010148

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pasculescu, Dragos, Simona Riurean, Mila Ilieva Obretenova, Teodora Lazar, Adina Milena Tatar, and Nicolae Daniel Fita. 2026. "Intelligent Modeling of PV–BESS Microgrids for Enhanced Stability, Cyber–Physical Resilience and Blackout Prevention" Energies 19, no. 1: 148. https://doi.org/10.3390/en19010148

APA Style

Pasculescu, D., Riurean, S., Ilieva Obretenova, M., Lazar, T., Tatar, A. M., & Fita, N. D. (2026). Intelligent Modeling of PV–BESS Microgrids for Enhanced Stability, Cyber–Physical Resilience and Blackout Prevention. Energies, 19(1), 148. https://doi.org/10.3390/en19010148

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