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Article

Applications of Renewable Energies in Low-Temperature Regions: A Scientometric Analysis of Recent Advancements and Future Research Directions

by
César Rodríguez-Aburto
1,
José Poma-García
1,
Jorge Montaño-Pisfil
1,
Pablo Morcillo-Valdivia
1,
Roberto Solís-Farfán
1,
José Curay-Tribeño
1,
Alex Pilco-Nuñez
2,
José Flores-Salinas
2,
Freddy Tineo-Cordova
2,
Paul Virú-Vasquez
3 and
Luigi Bravo-Toledo
4,*
1
Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universidad Nacional del Callao, Callao 07011, Peru
2
Faculty of Chemical and Textile Engineering, Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, Túpac Amaru 210 Avenue, Lima 15024, Peru
3
Instituto para la Calidad, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima 15024, Peru
4
Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Natural Resources, Universidad Nacional del Callao, Callao 07011, Peru
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Energies 2025, 18(4), 904; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18040904
Submission received: 14 January 2025 / Revised: 3 February 2025 / Accepted: 7 February 2025 / Published: 13 February 2025
(This article belongs to the Section B: Energy and Environment)
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Abstract

This study presents a scientometric analysis of renewable energy applications in low-temperature regions, focusing on green hydrogen production, carbon storage, and emerging trends. Using bibliometric tools such as RStudio and VOSviewer, the research evaluates publication trends from 1988 to 2024, revealing an exponential growth in renewable energy studies post-2021, driven by global policies promoting carbon neutrality. Life cycle assessment (LCA) plays a crucial role in evaluating the environmental impact of energy systems, underscoring the need to integrate renewable sources for emission reduction. Hydrogen production via electrolysis has emerged as a key solution in decarbonizing hard-to-abate sectors, while carbon storage technologies, such as bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), are gaining traction. Government policies, including carbon taxes, fossil fuel phase-out strategies, and renewable energy subsidies, significantly shape the energy transition in cold regions by incentivizing low-carbon alternatives. Multi-objective optimization techniques, leveraging artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning, are expected to enhance decision-making processes, optimizing energy efficiency, reliability, and economic feasibility in renewable energy systems. Future research must address three critical challenges: (1) strengthening policy frameworks and financial incentives for large-scale renewable energy deployment, (2) advancing energy storage, hydrogen production, and hybrid energy systems, and (3) integrating multi-objective optimization approaches to enhance cost-effectiveness and resilience in extreme climates. It is expected that the research will contribute to the field of knowledge regarding renewable energy applications in low-temperature regions.

1. Introduction

Climate change is defined as a significant and persistent alteration in climate variability, occurring over several decades or longer [1]. At the global level, river flows, temperatures, precipitation, water availability, soil moisture, and evapotranspiration are already affected by climate change [2]. Global temperature trends indicate an increase of 0.08 °C per decade since 1880, which has accelerated to 0.18 °C per decade since 1981. In 2021, this warming trend resulted in the year being recorded as the sixth warmest on record, according to data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) [3]. This rise in global temperature is largely attributed to anthropogenic activities, including deforestation and the combustion of fossil fuels, both of which have significantly contributed to increased greenhouse gas emission [4,5]. Despite these trends, limited attention has been given by the scientific community to the potential impacts of future cold spells [6,7,8], compared to the impacts of heat waves that had been well documented [9,10]. However, cold extremes decreased −4.76 °C per decade [11], on global average. It is crucial to understand their potential impacts, especially in colder climates where extreme cold events can still pose significant risks to human health, infrastructure, and ecosystems. Mortality rates have been shown to increase significantly during extreme cold spells [12,13]. Additionally, numerous studies suggest that cold spell-related mortality may persist for two or more weeks, whereas the impacts of heat waves tend to be more immediate and transient [14,15]. Short-term exposure to extremely low temperatures can elevate blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and blood viscosity within hours, increasing the risk of conditions such as asthma [16], myocardial infarction [17], and stroke [18]. Severe cold waves, such as those recorded in Siberia and Scandinavia where temperatures can drop below −40 °C, have been associated with energy system disruptions and heightened health risks [19]. Furthermore, research indicates that Arctic warming can alter atmospheric circulation patterns, leading to extreme cold events extending into mid-latitudes [20]. Global food security is increasingly jeopardized by climate change, which has intensified the frequency and severity of extreme weather events at both global and regional scales [21,22]. Prolonged cold spells have significantly affected staple crops such as wheat and rice, particularly in vulnerable regions like South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, exacerbating pre-existing socio-economic disparities [23]. Additionally, the global demand for energy has risen sharply due to lifestyle changes and rapid population growth [24]. In South Africa, for example, cold spells disrupt electricity generation, leading to peak energy demand, straining the power grid, and ultimately resulting in power outages [6]. Moreover, extreme cold temperatures can adversely affect the supply chain, transportation, distribution, and overall energy consumption patterns [25,26]. The term “low-temperature” refers to climatic conditions where temperatures drop significantly below average, often to levels that impact ecosystems, human health, and infrastructure. For instance, extremely low temperatures, such as those below −20 °C, can disrupt renewable energy systems and exacerbate health risks. Some locations, such us the USA [27], the Northern Hemisphere [28], Korea and Japan [29], and the Iberian Peninsula [30] are examples of regions that have studied cold spells.
Renewable energy, often referred to as clean energy, is derived from natural sources processes that are continuously replenished and is expected to play a pivotal role in mitigating climate change [31]. The primary forms of renewable energy include solar, geothermal, wind, hydroelectric, bioenergy, and marine energy [32]. The adoption of these technologies offers significant environmental, social, and economic benefits [33].
Compared to fossil fuels, renewable energy sources are generally more abundant and accessible while producing little to no greenhouse gas emissions [34,35]. The transition toward renewable energy has been largely driven by the declining availability of fossil fuels, the increasing complexity of their extraction, and the rising global energy demand. This shift contributes to the reduction of pollutant emissions, enhances ecosystem resilience, and fosters economic growth [36]. In remote areas lacking grid connectivity, renewable energy provides a sustainable and viable alternative, particularly due to the widespread availability of solar radiation and wind resources [37]. However, the successful transition to renewable energy depends on a wide range of factors, extending beyond economic considerations to include socioeconomic elements and government policies. These factors encompass financial stability, the effectiveness of policy implementation, and the supportive regulatory environment [38]. Additionally, a thorough analysis of the energy matrix of each country and its unique contextual factors are crucial for understanding and optimizing energy systems. The energy matrix refers to the composition and diversification of the energy sources of a nation, illustrating the balance between renewable and non-renewable resources within its energy framework. For example, Brazil has a predominantly renewable energy matrix, where hydropower serves as the primary energy source. This model highlights a sustainable approach to integrating natural resources into the energy infrastructure of a country, demonstrating the feasibility of large-scale renewable energy adoption [39]. Conversely, countries like Iran are exploring diversification strategies, incorporating renewable energy into their traditionally gas-dominated energy systems to address environmental concerns and reduce dependency on fossil fuels [40]. The adoption of innovative technologies, such as hydrogen and enhanced oil recovery (EOR), as observed in BRICS nations, further illustrates how countries are adapting their energy matrices to transition toward low-carbon economies [41]. Therefore, adopting renewable energy in low-temperature regions is essential to reducing fossil fuel reliance, lowering emissions, and enhancing energy resilience during extreme weather conditions. Tailored solutions, such as cold-resistant technologies, help address specific challenges while supporting sustainable development and contributing to global climate goals.
Scientometric analysis provides a systematic and comprehensive approach to evaluating scientific research. It encompasses both qualitative and quantitative methodologies [42], enabling the identification of evolving themes, emerging trends, and collaborative networks. This approach not only elucidates the current research landscape but also offers valuable insights into future trajectories and potential innovations [43,44,45]. Scientometric methods facilitate the evaluation of large volumes of scientific data, allowing for the analysis of research dissemination across various scientific fields, geographic regions, and academic journals. Additionally, this methodology enables the examination of key bibliometric indicators, including the co-occurrence of keywords and citation networks [46]. Recently, several researchers have advocated for the application of scientometric techniques to enhance the understanding of renewable energy research, particularly in areas such as solar energy technologies [47]. Studies have also explored the intersection of climate change and renewable energy development [48,49,50]. However, despite the extensive application of scientometric analysis across diverse disciplines, there is a noticeable gap in the literature regarding its application to renewable energy in low-temperature regions. This gap underscores the need for a more comprehensive understanding of research dynamics within this specific domain. Consequently, the aim of this study is to conduct a quantitative assessment of patterns and trends in the scientific literature, systematically examine the historical evolution of research in this low-temperature regions and renewable energies and provide insights into its future trajectory. Additionally, this study aims to analyze the current state of research, highlighting key developments and emerging challenges.

2. Materials and Methods

This study employed scientometric analysis, a specialized branch of bibliometrics dedicated to the quantitative evaluation of scientific output, to assess research performance and explore the intellectual landscape of the field [45]. Scientometric methods provide a clear, systematic, and reproducible framework for evaluating research areas. This approach facilitates the visualization of relationships across various domains, including disciplines, research sectors, specialized topics, scholarly publications, and authors. It incorporates a wide range of scientometric indicators, such as the evolution of scientific output over time, contributions from leading countries and institutions, the most prolific authors and influential sources, commonly used keywords, patterns of international collaboration, primary funding agencies, highly cited articles, and emerging research themes [51]. The first step involved the selection of an appropriate database [52]. For this research, the Scopus database was employed as the primary source of data. Scopus is a comprehensive and multidisciplinary database that excels in forward citation coverage, providing extensive and up-to-date insights into how research is cited across various fields. Additionally, Scopus includes a broad range of journals, including regional and emerging publications, offering wider accessibility compared to other databases [53,54,55]. This combination of breadth, analytical capabilities, and inclusion of diverse sources makes Scopus particularly suitable for evaluating research impact and mapping intellectual landscapes. To collect relevant bibliographic data for analysis, a systematically designed search query was formulated, specifically incorporating key terms such as “low-temperature”, “renewable energy”, and “climate change”. This approach ensured a targeted and comprehensive retrieval of scientific literature, facilitating a more precise examination of research trends and thematic developments within the field. The search was conducted on 31 December 2024. Two software programs were used, RStudio (2024.09.1+394) and VOSviewer (1.6.20). RStudio software was employed to perform the scientometric analysis, facilitating visualization through dual map overlays of journals, keywords, timelines, and burst citation analysis [51]. The RStudio package called bibliometrix (available at https://www.bibliometrix.org, accessed on 31 December 2024) was used to analyze the thematic evolution of publications. Furthermore, VOSviewer (accessed on 31 December 2024) was used for showing the co-occurrence keywords network for the three periods. Figure 1 presents the comprehensive methodology employed for data collection in this study.

3. Results

3.1. Yearly Publications and Citations Trends

The data presented in Figure 2 highlight a notable evolution in annual scientific production from 1988 to 2024, particularly in research related to renewable energies and low-temperature regions. The graph illustrates a gradual increase in the number of publications over the years, with a significant surge beginning in 2022. This substantial growth can be attributed to multiple factors, including advancements in renewable energy technologies, increased funding for climate resilience, and growing scientific interest in sustainable energy solutions for cold climates. As the urgency to develop efficient and reliable renewable energy systems in low-temperature environments has intensified, research in this area has gained considerable momentum, reflecting a global commitment to mitigating climate change and enhancing energy security.
During the early years (1988 to 2018), scientific output remained relatively low, possibly indicating limited interest or the early-stage development of research focused on renewable energy applications in cold regions. However, from 2019 onwards, a steady growth is observed, culminating in a marked exponential increase beginning in 2021. This trend suggests that the field has gained considerable traction in recent years, becoming a focal point for researchers worldwide, particularly in response to the increasing demand for resilient energy infrastructure in extreme climatic conditions.
Despite the increase in the number of publications, the mean total citations (TC) per year exhibit a fluctuating pattern. The TC per year follows an upward trajectory, peaking around 2018, suggesting that articles published during this period had significant visibility and impact. However, this peak is followed by a notable decline in 2019, which may reflect shifts in the research landscape or the emergence of competing topics. A temporary resurgence in citation counts is observed in 2020, possibly indicating a renewed interest or relevance in the field.
From 2021 onwards, a steady decline in the average citation impact is evident, reaching its lowest point in 2024. This downward trend suggests that recent publications have not maintained the same level of influence as earlier works. Several factors could explain this decline, including knowledge saturation, shifts in research priorities toward emerging trends, or variability in the quality and originality of recent studies.
The persistent decrease in citation impact since 2021 may also indicate a consolidation phase within the field, signaling a need for new innovations and perspectives to revitalize interest and visibility. While the number of published articles has increased significantly, the declining citation trend underscores the importance of fostering novel approaches and addressing emerging research challenges in low-temperature renewable energy applications to sustain the long-term relevance and scholarly influence of the field.

3.2. Top Leading Journals in Application of Renewable Energy in Low-Temperature Regions

Table 1 presents the leading journals publishing research on renewable energy applications in low-temperature regions, highlighting the top 10 sources that have made significant contributions to the field based on key metrics, such as h-index, g-index, and m-index. The h-index represents the number of papers (h) that have received at least h citations [56], and a set of papers has a g-index if an academic has published at least g articles that combined have received at least g2 citations [57]. The m-index, introduced by Hirsch [56] refines the h-index by incorporating a time factor, measuring the rate of citation growth over the career of author. It is calculated as the h-index divided by the number of years since the first publication, enabling a fair comparison of researchers at different career stages and assessing their sustained scholarly impact [58]. Energy, Applied Energy, and Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews emerge as the most influential journals, as evidenced by their high total citation counts and citation-per-paper ratios. These metrics indicate their pivotal role in disseminating cutting-edge research on renewable energy solutions for cold climates. Furthermore, the elevated h-index and g-index values reinforce the scientific impact and credibility of these journals within the domain of renewable energy studies, underscoring their contribution to advancing knowledge and innovation in this critical area. Notably, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy and Energy Policy have particularly high citation-per-paper ratios, indicating the relevance of their contributions to the research community. Journals such as Renewable Energy and Climate Policy also demonstrate considerable impact factors, highlighting their importance in shaping policy and technical advancements in renewable energy applications. The geographical distribution of these journals indicates a strong presence in the United Kingdom, with notable contributions from Switzerland, reflecting the broad international interest in this field. The findings from this table emphasize the diverse range of influential journals contributing to advancements in renewable energy applications, especially in addressing challenges in low-temperature regions.

3.3. Most Cited Publications

Table 2 presents the ten most-cited publications on energy transition technologies, with a focus on key areas including hydrogen energy, renewable energy integration, energy efficiency, and decarbonization policies. These studies provide critical insights into the advancements and challenges shaping the transition to sustainable energy systems. These articles are published in high-impact journals like the International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Nature, and Energy Policy, reflecting the widespread scientific interest in addressing climate change through sustainable energy solutions. A significant portion of the publications addresses hydrogen as a key energy carrier for the future. For instance, Baykara [59] provides an in-depth overview of hydrogen’s sources, production methods, and its environmental impact, a topic that continues to gain momentum in global energy discussions. Similarly, He et al. [60] explores the integration of renewable hydrogen into light-duty vehicles, linking energy security with reduced carbon emissions. These works underline hydrogen’s potential in various sectors as both a clean fuel and an energy storage medium.
Furthermore, research in this field increasingly focuses on optimizing renewable energy grids and enhancing system efficiency. Jacobson et al. [61] proposed a cost-effective strategy to achieve 100% penetration of intermittent renewable sources such as wind, water, and solar power by optimizing parameters such as grid reliability and energy balance, energy storage optimization. Expanding on this concept, Howland et al. [62] investigated wind farm optimization through wake steering, demonstrating how advanced control techniques can improve energy capture and distribution, by optimizing wind flow and turbulence control and grid and energy supply stability. Collectively, these studies underscore the technical challenges and innovations required to ensure a stable and sustainable renewable energy supply. Another critical theme in these publications is the transition toward carbon neutrality and decarbonization. For instance, De La Peña et al. [63] highlight the urgency of accelerating the energy transition to achieve carbon neutrality, emphasizing the role of policy interventions and emerging technologies. Jewell et al. [64] introduced an assessment framework for evaluating energy security under different decarbonization scenarios, providing policymakers with essential tools for strategic decision-making. Furthermore, energy efficiency in residential and infrastructure sectors remains a key research focus. Roberts [65] explored retrofitting strategies for existing buildings in the UK to enhance energy efficiency, a crucial step in reducing urban emissions. Meanwhile, Reyna et al. [66] examined how improved energy efficiency can mitigate electricity and natural gas consumption in residential buildings under changing climate conditions, emphasizing the need for adaptive building designs. Collectively, these studies offer valuable insights into the multifaceted challenges of the energy transition, covering areas such as hydrogen energy, renewable integration, decarbonization policies, and energy efficiency improvements. The recurring emphasis on hydrogen integration and grid reliability reflects the commitment of the research community to developing practical, scalable solutions for future energy needs.
Table 2. Top 10 most cited publications on application of renewable energy in low-temperature regions.
Table 2. Top 10 most cited publications on application of renewable energy in low-temperature regions.
RankAuthorsArticle Title Source TitleTotal Citation (TC)
1Baykara [59]Hydrogen: A brief overview on its sources, production and environmental impactInternational Journal of Hydrogen Energy485
2Jacobson et al. [61]Low-cost solution to the grid reliability problem with 100% penetration of intermittent wind, water, and solar for all purposesProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America344
3Howland et al. [62]Wind farm power optimization through wake steeringProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America246
4Ortega et al. [67]A model-tested North Atlantic Oscillation reconstruction for the past millenniumNature227
5Freeman et al. [68]A small-scale solar organic Rankine cycle combined heat and power system with integrated thermal energy storageApplied Thermal Engineering181
6De La Peña et al. [63]Accelerating the energy transition to achieve carbon neutralityResources, Conservation and Recycling179
7Jewell et al. [64]Energy security under de-carbonization scenarios: An assessment framework and evaluation under different technology and policy choicesEnergy Policy154
8He et al. [60]Integration of renewable hydrogen in light-duty vehicle: Nexus between energy security and low carbon emission resourcesInternational Journal of Hydrogen Energy153
9Roberts [65]Altering existing buildings in the UKEnergy Policy149
10Reyna et al. [66]Energy efficiency to reduce residential electricity and natural gas use under climate changeNature Communications147

3.4. Analysis of Author Keywords

Figure 3 illustrates the dominant role of climate change within the network, linking various subtopics related to energy transition, solar energy, hydrogen production, biofuels, and sustainability. Each cluster, represented by distinct colors, highlights critical advancements and emerging trends in renewable energy technologies tailored for low-temperature regions. The red cluster primarily focuses on energy transition, sustainability, and greenhouse gas emissions, emphasizing decarbonization strategies and the pivotal role of renewable energy in reducing emissions. The prominence of biomass and bioenergy suggests that alternative energy sources, such as biofuels, are crucial for meeting energy demands in cold regions while maintaining environmental sustainability. The blue cluster is centered on hydrogen, low-carbon transition, biodiesel, and steam reforming, reflecting the increasing interest in green hydrogen as a clean energy alternative and the optimization of biofuel production to reduce the carbon footprint in these environments. The green cluster highlights the importance of solar energy and energy storage systems in low-temperature regions, which face challenges such as limited sunlight and extreme weather conditions. The integration of photovoltaic (PV) technology and phase change materials (PCMs) for energy storage underscores the need to enhance energy efficiency and stability in renewable energy systems. Additionally, smaller clusters provide further insights into specialized topics. The purple cluster addresses carbon footprint, life cycle assessment, and microalgae-based energy solutions, while the yellow cluster focuses on sustainable development, torrefaction, and global warming.
Collectively, these clusters indicate that future research should prioritize decarbonization, clean energy production, and energy storage solutions, particularly those adapted to the unique climatic challenges of cold regions.

3.5. Research Trends and Future Directions

The analysis of the research network was divided into three distinct periods: Period I (1988–2007), Period II (2008–2015), and Period III (2016–2024). The division into three distinct periods was made to better elucidate the evolution of research focus and priorities over time. This approach allows for a clearer identification of key trends and shifts, as reflected in the co-occurrence analysis for each period as shown in Figure 4.
During Period I, research primarily focused on climate change awareness, with greenhouse gas emissions and adaptation strategies emerging as dominant themes. Network analysis reveals that human settlements and the impacts of climate change in Africa were prominent research topics. While discussions on energy security and sustainable development had begun to surface, renewable energy technologies had yet to become a central part of the scientific discourse.
In Period II, research priorities shifted from general discussions on climate change toward the development of renewable energy technologies. The network indicates a significant increase in studies related to solar energy, geothermal energy, and biomass gasification. Notably, energy security and food security became interconnected themes, reflecting the growing recognition of energy’s critical role in sustainable development. The emergence of distributed power systems and closed-cycle technologies suggests a transition from centralized to decentralized and localized renewable energy solutions. This period marks the early adoption of practical renewable energy applications, particularly in low-temperature regions, where research increasingly focused on enhancing energy resilience and addressing thermal gradients. Key advancements during this phase include the development of energy-efficient technologies, such as the Earth-to-Air Heat Exchanger System (EAHE), which plays a crucial role in improving energy efficiency in extreme climatic conditions. This shift underscores a growing emphasis on innovative solutions tailored to climate variability and renewable energy integration.
In Period III, research has become increasingly specialized, with a strong emphasis on renewable energy integration, decarbonization, and energy transitions. Key themes during this period include energy transition, solar power, hydrogen production, and carbon neutrality, reflecting the global push toward net-zero emissions targets. The network analysis highlights growing interest in life cycle assessment (LCA), energy storage technologies, and phase change materials (PCMs), all of which are essential for the deployment of renewable energy systems in low-temperature regions. Unlike the previous periods, where the primary focus was on technical aspects and specific renewable energy transitions, this period explicitly incorporates government policies as a key factor shaping research priorities. Notable examples include the influence of the Paris Agreement in setting decarbonization targets and strategies to achieve carbon neutrality. These policies not only provide a roadmap for a more sustainable transition but also emphasize the need for a globally coordinated approach. The increasing focus on energy storage systems, green hydrogen, and multi-objective optimization demonstrates a commitment to developing sustainable energy systems capable of operating reliably in extreme climates.
Figure 5 shows the thematic map for each period. This map is divided into four sections: (i) motor themes, (ii) basic themes, (iii) emerging or declining themes, and (iv) very specialized/niche themes [69]. Motor themes exhibit high centrality and density, signifying their advanced development and importance within the research field. Basic themes, while fundamental, remain underdeveloped. Niche themes are highly specialized yet less central, often addressing specific subfields or case studies that cater to a limited audience of experts. Emerging or declining themes are characterized by low centrality and density, representing either nascent research areas or topics losing scientific relevance. During the early research stage, climate change emerged as a developing theme, indicating its recognized importance but limited research maturity. The absence of other dominant themes suggests that renewable energy had not yet become a focal point in scientific discussions. This trend aligns with historical developments, as climate change and sustainability awareness gained momentum in the late 1980s and early 1990s. However, research during this period remained largely exploratory, with minimal integration of climate change mitigation strategies into practical renewable energy solutions.
During the second period, the thematic landscape became significantly more diverse, with climate change, energy security, renewable energy, and geothermal energy emerging as basic themes, indicating their increasing relevance in scientific discourse. Research during this phase shifted toward practical applications, focusing on energy system optimization and the development of low-carbon technologies. The classification of solar energy and energy analysis as niche themes suggests that while these areas were gaining attention, they had not yet become mainstream. The presence of biodiesel and passive solar heating and cooling as niche topics highlights efforts to develop specialized energy solutions for different climatic conditions.
In the third period, research exhibited a substantial transition toward actionable solutions, with renewable energy, climate change, carbon neutrality, energy storage, and hydrogen becoming motor themes, characterized by high centrality and density and essential for shaping future research directions. The emergence of hydrogen production and green hydrogen as motor themes underscores their growing recognition as key enablers of deep decarbonization, particularly in hard-to-electrify sectors. During this phase, research became increasingly solution-oriented, emphasizing energy transition strategies, bioenergy, and carbon capture technologies. The inclusion of energy efficiency, district heating, and organic Rankine cycles as motor themes highlights advancements in integrating renewable energy across multiple sectors. The emergence of machine learning and multi-objective optimization as niche themes demonstrates the application of advanced computational techniques to optimize renewable energy systems. Additionally, composite materials, phase change materials, and thermal conductivity emerged as niche themes, reflecting ongoing research into novel materials for enhancing energy storage and efficiency. These developments indicate a shift toward highly specialized research areas aimed at improving the performance and scalability of renewable energy technologies.

4. Discussion

The significant growth in publications reflects an increasing research interest, particularly from 2015 onward, with a sharp rise in both the number of articles and citations per year. This increase was attributed to the growing importance of renewable energy solutions for extreme environments, as highlighted in various studies. For instance, Li et al. [70] emphasized the enhancement of battery energy storage systems for photovoltaic applications in extremely cold regions, illustrating the challenges and technological advancements required to optimize energy storage solutions in such climates. Similarly, Sarbu et al. [71] explored the integration of renewable energy sources into low-temperature district heating systems, which was critical for energy-efficient building operations in colder regions. Quirosa et al. [72] analyzed the role of ultra-low-temperature district heating and cooling systems as a storage mechanism for renewable energy, highlighting their practical applications in various European climates. Recent studies have also focused on electrochemical storage solutions for harsh climates. Furthermore, Ahoutou et al. [73] assessed the use of electrochemical cells to enhance the renewable energy share in northern regions, demonstrating technological adaptations for extreme conditions. The increasing volume of scientometric outputs signified growing attention to the unique challenges posed by low-temperature regions and the corresponding need for specialized renewable energy systems. These findings indicated promising future directions for research and development in sustainable energy technologies tailored for harsh climates. Research on renewable energy applications has demonstrated consistent growth, as evidenced by the increasing number of publications and their associated citations. The most impactful topics have included hydrogen as a clean energy source, the integration of renewable energy sources into electrical systems, wind farm optimization, and strategies to accelerate the energy transition toward carbon neutrality.
The increasing availability of green hydrogen, produced through renewable energy, has solidified its role as a fundamental pillar in the global energy transition. Advances in hydrogen storage and transportation technologies have been critical for enabling its deployment in extreme climates, where environmental conditions may limit the feasibility of other renewable energy sources such as solar and wind. Marocco et al. [74] analyzed the optimization of a hybrid renewable energy system with hydrogen storage for zero-energy buildings in different climates. Their study demonstrated how combining renewable resources, such as solar and wind power, with a hydrogen storage system could significantly enhance the energy efficiency of buildings across various climatic regions, including those with extreme temperatures. Wind farm optimization has also been a key topic in recent years, as demonstrated by Howland et al. [62], who proposed strategies to maximize turbine efficiency through wake steering. This type of research has gained importance due to the need to improve the performance of existing wind installations, particularly in regions where wind intermittency poses challenges for maintaining a consistent energy supply. Additionally, recent studies have explored the integration of renewable energy sources into hybrid systems, combining solar, wind, and thermal storage, as shown by Freeman et al. [68] in their work on organic Rankine cycles.
Another relevant topic is energy security in the context of decarbonization. De La Peña et al. [63] analyzed how to accelerate the energy transition to achieve carbon neutrality, emphasizing the importance of diversifying energy sources and ensuring supply security under different scenarios. In this context, Puranen et al. [75] evaluated the technical feasibility of an off-grid domestic energy system based on solar photovoltaic panels, using batteries and hydrogen storage in northern climates. Their study highlighted the importance of hydrogen storage to ensure continuous operation throughout the year, despite adverse weather conditions that could limit solar energy availability. Overall, research trends have evolved from studying specific renewable energy technologies to developing integrated systems that address complex issues such as intermittency, efficiency, and energy security. Current research focuses not only on the production of clean energy but also on ensuring that electrical grids are flexible, resilient, and adapted to local needs. Regions with cold climates and extreme weather conditions present unique opportunities to apply advanced technologies such as hydrogen and hybrid systems, opening new research avenues that will contribute to global sustainability in the coming years.
Over the last decade, the focus of research in the field of renewable energy has shifted toward more specific and actionable topics that are critical for addressing climate change and advancing the global energy transition. Key areas of attention have included energy transition, decarbonization, hydrogen production, and life cycle assessment, policy government. These topics have gained significant relevance due to the urgency of mitigating climate change impacts and achieving carbon neutrality. Technologies based on renewable energy sources can be categorized into three broad areas: electric power, transport, and heating and cooling, with further subdivisions into more specialized types [76]. The adoption of one or more of these technologies will depend on the energy mix of each country and the resources available for their implementation. The energy transition is a multifaceted process that requires a combination of renewable energy adoption, technological innovation, and policy interventions to achieve carbon neutrality and mitigate climate change impacts.
Global government policies that can support a renewable energy transition in low-temperature regions measures such as carbon taxes [77,78], just energy transition partnership, carbon lock-in [79], fossil fuel phase-out strategies, carbon lock-in, energy efficiency incentives [80,81], renewable energy subsidies [79,82], and Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) [63]. These policies provide the framework needed to promote the adoption of renewable energy technologies, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and enhance energy security. For instance, De La Peña et al. [63] and Islam et al. [83] highlighted the importance of integrating renewable energy systems with Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) to reduce greenhouse gas emissions while ensuring energy security. Feron et al. [84] emphasized that climate change impacts must be considered during the transition, as changing weather patterns can affect the performance of renewable energy systems such as photovoltaics. Akaev et al. [85] stressed achieving the goals of the Paris Agreement requires not only a rapid shift to renewables but also the development of nuclear power as a low-carbon baseload energy source. In addition, Fragkos [86] highlighted the role of bioenergy, energy efficiency improvements, and carbon dioxide removal technologies in meeting the revised IPCC carbon budgets. Collectively, these articles underscore that the energy transition necessitates a holistic and multi-dimensional approach, involving the rapid deployment of renewables, technological innovations, policy frameworks, and adaptation strategies to ensure a sustainable and resilient energy future.
A current topic in the energy field is hydrogen production; however, its sustainability will depend on whether its production sources are based on renewable energy, such as water electrolysis, methane pyrolysis, biomass gasification, among others [87]. Green hydrogen has become a key focus of global research, with growing exploration into its production and economic viability through the Levelized Cost of Hydrogen (LCOH), as demonstrated in countries such as Chile [88], New Zealand [89].
In addition, life cycle analysis (LCA) has gained importance in assessing the sustainability of green hydrogen production (as shown in Table 3), along with techno-economic evaluations of hydrogen production systems [90]. Wang et al. [91] emphasized that biomass-based aerogels represent a promising alternative for sustainable building insulation, although the freeze-drying process contributes significantly to their environmental footprint. Sinke et al. [92] reported that cultivated meat could reduce land use and nitrogen emissions compared to conventional meat; however, its production is energy-intensive and heavily dependent on a renewable energy mix to lower its carbon footprint. Bradley et al. [93] indicated that biodiesel derived from microalgae does not yet outperform fossil diesel in terms of GWP100, underscoring the need to improve system productivity and reduce electricity consumption to enhance its sustainability. Finally, Koj et al. [94] demonstrated that green hydrogen production via water electrolysis could significantly reduce carbon emissions from 27.5 kg CO2 eq/kg H2 in 2022 to as low as 1.33 kg CO2 eq/kg H2 by 2045, depending on the use of wind energy and technological advancements. Collectively, these studies highlight the critical role of energy optimization and the integration of renewable sources in low-temperature regions in minimizing the environmental impacts of emerging industrial processes.
On the other hand, multi-objective optimization is a contemporary challenge faced by complex systems that aim to optimize multiple parameters simultaneously. For example, Xie et al. [95] applies this approach in the context of green logistics planning and operations management, balancing economic costs and carbon emissions. Specifically, it introduces a two-phase multi-objective optimization model designed to optimize energy generation, inventory management, and cold-chain transportation systems within a green industrial park (GIP). Similarly, several studies have focused on optimizing specific parameters to improve efficiency in renewable energy systems. For instance, previous research has analyzed variables such as Steam-to-Carbon Ratio (SFR) and Biodiesel-to-Glycerol Ratio (BGR) to achieve maximum hydrogen production [96]; temperature, pH, and time to optimize bioethanol production efficiency [97]; Total Unit Cost to maximize exergy efficiency in a geothermal system [98]; and Cost of a Hybrid System to enhance energy reliability and cost efficiency in a Hybrid PV–Wind–Fuel Cell system [99]. Given these advancements, it is plausible that future research will explore a systematic integration of these components, addressing multi-objective optimization through a comprehensive and interdisciplinary approach.

5. Conclusions

The bibliometric analysis demonstrates a consistent increase in scientific research on renewable energy applications in low-temperature regions, with a sharp rise in publications after 2015. This growth is primarily driven by global efforts to achieve carbon neutrality and the recognition of the unique challenges faced by energy systems in extreme climates. Despite the expansion in scientific output, citation trends indicate a need for more innovative and impactful research, particularly on energy storage solutions, hydrogen production, and grid reliability in cold environments. Key journals contributing to this field, such as Energy, Applied Energy, and International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, have played a pivotal role in disseminating knowledge on energy transition strategies and hydrogen technologies.
A key finding of this study is the increasing role of government policies in shaping the renewable energy landscape. International frameworks such as the Paris Agreement have established decarbonization targets, while national strategies, including carbon pricing mechanisms, fossil fuel phase-out policies, and renewable energy subsidies, have accelerated the adoption of clean technologies. For instance, studies highlight that carbon taxes and energy efficiency incentives have played a crucial role in reducing reliance on fossil fuels. Furthermore, Just Energy Transition Partnerships (JETP) and initiatives such as Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) provide structured pathways for integrating renewables into existing infrastructures. These policies not only promote investment in renewable technologies but also enhance energy security and grid resilience, particularly in regions prone to extreme cold spells.
Another crucial aspect of future energy research is the advancement of multi-objective optimization techniques, which aim to simultaneously optimize several performance metrics within renewable energy systems. Recent studies have explored various optimization strategies. Future research is expected to integrate artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning models to enhance decision-making in renewable energy systems. This will facilitate real-time optimization of energy storage, generation, and distribution, ensuring efficient and cost-effective solutions for extreme climates.
The transition to hydrogen-based energy systems has also emerged as a key research trend. Studies indicate that green hydrogen production via electrolysis could reduce carbon emissions from 27.5 kg CO2 eq/kg H2 in 2022 to as low as 1.33 kg CO2 eq/kg H2 by 2045 [94], highlighting its long-term decarbonization potential. However, the economic feasibility of hydrogen storage and transportation remains a major challenge. Ongoing research is focused on enhancing hydrogen fuel cells, developing hybrid renewable-hydrogen energy systems, and improving supply chain logistics for better integration into global energy markets.
The keyword analysis highlights an evolution from general climate change topics toward more actionable research on hydrogen production, energy storage, and carbon footprint reduction. Recent research clusters show increasing interest in bioenergy, solar energy, phase change materials (PCMs), and life cycle assessment (LCA), reflecting a focus on evaluating the environmental impacts of renewable technologies.
Overall, the findings of this study suggest that future renewable energy research in low-temperature regions must address three primary challenges: (1) Policy implementation and financial incentives to support large-scale deployment of renewables, (2) technological advancements in energy storage, hydrogen production, and hybrid systems, and (3) multi-objective optimization to enhance energy efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and resilience in extreme climates. These efforts, combined with strong international collaboration and government support, will be critical in accelerating the global shift toward sustainable and resilient energy systems.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, C.R.-A., J.P.-G., J.M.-P. and L.B.-T.; methodology, P.M.-V., R.S.-F. and J.C.-T.; software, P.V.-V. and J.F.-S.; investigation, A.P.-N. and F.T.-C.; resources, C.R.-A.; writing—original draft preparation, P.M.-V. and R.S.-F.; writing—review and editing, A.P.-N. and P.V.-V.; visualization, P.V.-V.; supervision, L.B.-T. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Data Availability Statement

The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors on request.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Energies 18 00904 g001
Figure 1. Flowchart of PRISMA diagram used for the article research.
Figure 1. Flowchart of PRISMA diagram used for the article research.
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Figure 2. Annual scientific production between 1988 and 2024.
Figure 2. Annual scientific production between 1988 and 2024.
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Figure 3. Co-occurrence of authors’ keywords.
Figure 3. Co-occurrence of authors’ keywords.
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Figure 4. Analysis of co-occurrence of authors’ keywords in different periods.
Figure 4. Analysis of co-occurrence of authors’ keywords in different periods.
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Figure 5. Analysis of thematic map of authors’ keywords in different periods.
Figure 5. Analysis of thematic map of authors’ keywords in different periods.
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Table 1. Top leading journals in application of renewable energy in low-temperature regions.
Table 1. Top leading journals in application of renewable energy in low-temperature regions.
RankSourceTotal Citation (TC)Total Citation/
Total Paper (TC/TP)		h_Indexg_Indexm_IndexJournal Impact FactorCountry
1Energy49938.3811130.73315.3United Kingdom
2Energies17913.779131.2866.2Switzerland
3Applied Energy24524.508100.72721.2United Kingdom
4Energy Conversion and
Management		38342.56790.46719United Kingdom
5Energy Procedia13516.88780.4674.4United Kingdom
6International Journal of
Hydrogen Energy		75483.78790.87513.5United Kingdom
7Energy Policy47579.17660.33317.3United Kingdom
8Renewable Energy17315.736110.20718.4United Kingdom
9Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews19338.60550.71431.2United Kingdom
10Climate Policy16928.17460.30812.9United Kingdom
Table 3. LCA in different research articles.
Table 3. LCA in different research articles.
ItemType of Renewable EnergyCountryScopeResultsReference
1Biomass used for insulation material in constructionReino UnidoGate-to-gate, production of 1 m3 of biomass aerogelClimate Change Potential: 6.76 × 102 kg CO2-eq/m3.
Non-Renewable Energy Consumption: 1.65 × 10⁴ MJ/m3		[91]
2Cultured meat produced with renewable energyEuropeCradle-to-gate, production of 1 kg of cultured meat.Carbon Footprint: ~14 kg CO2-eq/kg of meat (global average scenario). Ambitious Scenario: <3 kg CO2-eq/kg.[92]
3Biofuel derived from microalgaePortugalCradle-to-gate, combustion of 1 MJ of microalgae biodiesel.1.48 × 10−1 kg CO2-eq/MJ (Scenario C, photovoltaic electricity).
Direct Energy Consumption: 0.99 MJ/MJ of biodiesel.		[93]
4Green hydrogen produced by water electrolysisGermanyCradle-to-gate, considering resource extraction, plant construction and hydrogen supply.Electricity Consumption: 55 kWh/kg H2 in 2022, projected to 35 kWh/kg H2 by 2045.
CO2 Emissions Reduced by up to 93% in Wind Energy Scenarios.		[94]
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Rodríguez-Aburto, C.; Poma-García, J.; Montaño-Pisfil, J.; Morcillo-Valdivia, P.; Solís-Farfán, R.; Curay-Tribeño, J.; Pilco-Nuñez, A.; Flores-Salinas, J.; Tineo-Cordova, F.; Virú-Vasquez, P.; et al. Applications of Renewable Energies in Low-Temperature Regions: A Scientometric Analysis of Recent Advancements and Future Research Directions. Energies 2025, 18, 904. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18040904

AMA Style

Rodríguez-Aburto C, Poma-García J, Montaño-Pisfil J, Morcillo-Valdivia P, Solís-Farfán R, Curay-Tribeño J, Pilco-Nuñez A, Flores-Salinas J, Tineo-Cordova F, Virú-Vasquez P, et al. Applications of Renewable Energies in Low-Temperature Regions: A Scientometric Analysis of Recent Advancements and Future Research Directions. Energies. 2025; 18(4):904. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18040904

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rodríguez-Aburto, César, José Poma-García, Jorge Montaño-Pisfil, Pablo Morcillo-Valdivia, Roberto Solís-Farfán, José Curay-Tribeño, Alex Pilco-Nuñez, José Flores-Salinas, Freddy Tineo-Cordova, Paul Virú-Vasquez, and et al. 2025. "Applications of Renewable Energies in Low-Temperature Regions: A Scientometric Analysis of Recent Advancements and Future Research Directions" Energies 18, no. 4: 904. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18040904

APA Style

Rodríguez-Aburto, C., Poma-García, J., Montaño-Pisfil, J., Morcillo-Valdivia, P., Solís-Farfán, R., Curay-Tribeño, J., Pilco-Nuñez, A., Flores-Salinas, J., Tineo-Cordova, F., Virú-Vasquez, P., & Bravo-Toledo, L. (2025). Applications of Renewable Energies in Low-Temperature Regions: A Scientometric Analysis of Recent Advancements and Future Research Directions. Energies, 18(4), 904. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18040904

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