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Energies
Volume 18
Issue 20
10.3390/en18205386
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Efficacy of Hybrid Photovoltaic–Thermal and Geothermal Heat Pump System for Greenhouse Climate Control

by
Chung Geon Lee
1,
Geum Choon Kang
2,
Jae Kyung Jang
1,
Sung-Wook Yun
1,
Jong Pil Moon
1,*,
Hong-Seok Mun
3,4 and
Eddiemar Baguio Lagua
3,5
1
Division of Smart Farm Development, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54875, Republic of Korea
2
Asquare Inc., Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
3
Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
4
Department of Multimedia Engineering, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
5
Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System (BK21 Plus), Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Energies 2025, 18(20), 5386; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18205386 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 12 September 2025 / Revised: 2 October 2025 / Accepted: 10 October 2025 / Published: 13 October 2025
Versions Notes

Abstract

This study evaluated the performance of a hybrid heat pump system integrating photovoltaic–thermal (PVT) panels with a standing column well (SCW) geothermal system in a strawberry greenhouse. The PVT panels, installed over 10% of the area of a 175 m3 greenhouse, stored excess solar heat in an aquifer to offset the reduced efficiency of the geothermal source during extended operation. The results showed that the hybrid system can supply 11,253 kWh of heat energy during the winter, maintaining the night time indoor temperature at 10 °C even when outdoor conditions dropped to −10.5 °C. The PVT system captured 11,125 kWh of solar heat during heating the off season, increasing the heat supply up to 22,378 kWh annually. Additionally, the system generated 3839 kWh of electricity, which significantly offset the 36.72% of the annual pump system electricity requirements, enhancing the system coefficient of performance (COP) of 3.38. Strawberry production increased by 4% with 78% heating cost saving compared to a kerosene boiler system. The results show that the PVT system effectively supports the geothermal system, improving heating performance and demonstrating the feasibility of hybrid renewable energy in smart farms to enhance efficiency, reduce fossil fuel use, and advance carbon neutrality.
Keywords: PVT module; geothermal heat pump; renewable energy; hybrid system; greenhouse PVT module; geothermal heat pump; renewable energy; hybrid system; greenhouse

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Lee, C.G.; Kang, G.C.; Jang, J.K.; Yun, S.-W.; Moon, J.P.; Mun, H.-S.; Lagua, E.B. Efficacy of Hybrid Photovoltaic–Thermal and Geothermal Heat Pump System for Greenhouse Climate Control. Energies 2025, 18, 5386. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18205386

AMA Style

Lee CG, Kang GC, Jang JK, Yun S-W, Moon JP, Mun H-S, Lagua EB. Efficacy of Hybrid Photovoltaic–Thermal and Geothermal Heat Pump System for Greenhouse Climate Control. Energies. 2025; 18(20):5386. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18205386

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lee, Chung Geon, Geum Choon Kang, Jae Kyung Jang, Sung-Wook Yun, Jong Pil Moon, Hong-Seok Mun, and Eddiemar Baguio Lagua. 2025. "Efficacy of Hybrid Photovoltaic–Thermal and Geothermal Heat Pump System for Greenhouse Climate Control" Energies 18, no. 20: 5386. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18205386

APA Style

Lee, C. G., Kang, G. C., Jang, J. K., Yun, S.-W., Moon, J. P., Mun, H.-S., & Lagua, E. B. (2025). Efficacy of Hybrid Photovoltaic–Thermal and Geothermal Heat Pump System for Greenhouse Climate Control. Energies, 18(20), 5386. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18205386

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