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Open AccessArticle
Natural Gas and Biogas Mixtures in Smart Cities: A Mathematical Model of its Proposal for Use with Biogas Produced by Biomass Plants and Mixture Density Control According to the Biogas Composition
by
Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo
Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo
Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo received his B.S. Mechanical Electrical Engineering from the National and [...]
Jorge Luis Mírez Tarrillo received his B.S. Mechanical Electrical Engineering from the National University "Pedro Ruíz Gallo", and completed his M.Sc. and Ph.D. in Physics from the National University of Engineering (UNI). He is currently a Professor at the Faculty of Petrochemical, Gas and Oil Engineering, UNI. He also serves as an IEEE Senior Member; Chair of IEEE EMBS Peru Section and Chair of Mathematical Modeling and Simulation Numerical Group of UNI. His research interests include smartgrid, DC microgrids, life support system and space technologies, renewable energies, space engineering.
and
J. C. Hernandez
J. C. Hernandez
Jesús C. Hernandez received an M.S. degree in
Industrial Engineering from the University of in and [...]
Jesús C. Hernandez received an M.S. degree in
Industrial Engineering from the University of Seville (Spain), in 1995 and a
Ph.D. degree from the University of Jaen (Spain), in 2003. Nowadays, he is a
Full Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Jaen.
He was the Secretary of the Department of Electrical Engineering (2012–2014).
He is the Deputy Director of Monitoring and Coordination of Deputy Director of
Monitoring and Coordination of Titles at the Higher Polytechnic School of Jaén
(2014–present) and a Coordinator of the Master of Industrial Engineering at the
University of Jaén (2014–present). He is a member of the research group TEP152
‘Research and Electric Technology (INYTE)’, attached to the PAIDI. He has been
the principal investigator (PI1) of a project of the National R + D + i Plan of
the Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness. He is PI1 in a Project
of excellence, within the scope of the Andalusian Plan for Research,
Development and Innovation (PAIDI 2020). His Research Keywords include sensors,
Electronics, sustainability, Photovoltaic, education, electric vehicles, power
stability, power protection and hydropower plants.
1
Group of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation, Faculty of Oil, Natural Gas and Petrochemical Engineering, Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, Av. Tupac Amaru 210, Rimac 15333, Peru
2
Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Jaén, Campus Lagunillas s/n, Edificio A3, 23071 Jaén, Spain
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Energies 2025, 18(17), 4617; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18174617 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 21 June 2025
/
Revised: 22 August 2025
/
Accepted: 28 August 2025
/
Published: 30 August 2025
Abstract
This article presents a proposal for blending natural gas and biogas with a control system with feedback to ensure a constant mixture density. To achieve this, we propose the following: a mathematical model to determine the gas density based on its composition; a control system whose main components are a gas mixer, valves, and a natural gas storage tank to regulate the biogas density, where its inputs are gases from biomass plants and the natural gas grid; mathematical models to calculate the volume of natural gas required in the storage tank. It is assumed that the composition at the outlet of the biogas plants is measured and that there are no losses of any kind; a case study simulation is then performed. All models consider random variation in gas composition over time. The main results are as follows: (a) reduced natural gas consumption, the promotion of biogas production and use and of mixtures of lower methane compared to natural gas, and the facilitation of the pumping of the gas mixtures; (b) all the biogas produced is used; (c) different piping, sources, storage tanks, consumers, and mixer schemes, considering the concepts of cities, microgrids, smart grids, and smart cities.
Share and Cite
MDPI and ACS Style
Mírez Tarrillo, J.L.; Hernandez, J.C.
Natural Gas and Biogas Mixtures in Smart Cities: A Mathematical Model of its Proposal for Use with Biogas Produced by Biomass Plants and Mixture Density Control According to the Biogas Composition. Energies 2025, 18, 4617.
https://doi.org/10.3390/en18174617
AMA Style
Mírez Tarrillo JL, Hernandez JC.
Natural Gas and Biogas Mixtures in Smart Cities: A Mathematical Model of its Proposal for Use with Biogas Produced by Biomass Plants and Mixture Density Control According to the Biogas Composition. Energies. 2025; 18(17):4617.
https://doi.org/10.3390/en18174617
Chicago/Turabian Style
Mírez Tarrillo, Jorge Luis, and J. C. Hernandez.
2025. "Natural Gas and Biogas Mixtures in Smart Cities: A Mathematical Model of its Proposal for Use with Biogas Produced by Biomass Plants and Mixture Density Control According to the Biogas Composition" Energies 18, no. 17: 4617.
https://doi.org/10.3390/en18174617
APA Style
Mírez Tarrillo, J. L., & Hernandez, J. C.
(2025). Natural Gas and Biogas Mixtures in Smart Cities: A Mathematical Model of its Proposal for Use with Biogas Produced by Biomass Plants and Mixture Density Control According to the Biogas Composition. Energies, 18(17), 4617.
https://doi.org/10.3390/en18174617
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