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Article

Energy Transformation of Road Transport Infrastructure—Concept and Assessment of the Electric Vehicle Recharging Systems

by
Norbert Chamier-Gliszczynski
1,*,
Joanna Alicja Dyczkowska
1,
Wojciech Musiał
2,
Aleksandra Panek
3 and
Piotr Kotylak
3
1
Faculty of Economics Sciences, Koszalin University of Technology, 75-453 Koszalin, Poland
2
Institute of Management, University of Szczecin, 71-101 Szczecin, Poland
3
Faculty of Transport, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-661 Warsaw, Poland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Energies 2025, 18(16), 4241; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18164241 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 16 July 2025 / Revised: 4 August 2025 / Accepted: 7 August 2025 / Published: 9 August 2025

Abstract

The energy transformation of transport infrastructure represents a significant challenge, being implemented along the TEN-T network under the introduced AFIR regulation (Regulation for the Deployment of Alternative Fuels Infrastructure). The goal of this transformation is the development of alternative fuels infrastructure deployed along the Trans-European Transport Network (TEN-T), dedicated to light-duty electric vehicles (eLDVs) and heavy-duty electric vehicles (eHDVs). The measures undertaken must be preceded by an analytical process assessing the assumptions outlined in the AFIR regulation, defining targeted actions for achieving the regulation’s objectives, and evaluating the baseline status as well as projected conditions for the years 2025, 2027, 2030, and 2035. This assessment is essential during the planning and management stages of the energy transformation process of transport infrastructure being undertaken by individual EU Member States. Meeting the targets set by AFIR for transport infrastructure necessitates the development of appropriate research tools. The approach proposed in this article offers an innovative framework for addressing the challenges of energy transformation. The initial step involves designing a model for the energy transformation of transport infrastructure, followed by the definition of indicators to assess the implementation of AFIR objectives. This paper presents a model for the energy transformation of road transport infrastructure, defines the individual elements of the model, specifies indicators for evaluating the transformation process, and conducts a research study incorporating these components. This article aims to elucidate the core aspects of the energy transformation of transport infrastructure, identify actions aligned with achieving the objectives of the AFIR regulation, and perform an evaluation of its implementation. Additionally, the research addresses the question of how the energy transformation of road transport infrastructure is unfolding in Poland. The study is based on the structure of electric vehicles (EVs) and transport infrastructure along the TEN-T network in the territory of Poland. The current level of AFIR compliance for eLDVs for the years 2025, 2027, 2030, and 2035 is approximately 175%, 96%, 37%, and 13%, respectively. In contrast, for eHDVs, the compliance level is around 20%, 0%, and 0% for the TEN-T core network, and approximately 10%, 3%, and 0% for the TEN-T comprehensive network.
Keywords: energy transformation; transport infrastructure; AFIR (alternative fuel infrastructure regulation); electric vehicles; light-duty electric vehicles; heavy-duty electric vehicles; Trans-European transport network (TEN-T); assessment energy transformation; transport infrastructure; AFIR (alternative fuel infrastructure regulation); electric vehicles; light-duty electric vehicles; heavy-duty electric vehicles; Trans-European transport network (TEN-T); assessment

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MDPI and ACS Style

Chamier-Gliszczynski, N.; Dyczkowska, J.A.; Musiał, W.; Panek, A.; Kotylak, P. Energy Transformation of Road Transport Infrastructure—Concept and Assessment of the Electric Vehicle Recharging Systems. Energies 2025, 18, 4241. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18164241

AMA Style

Chamier-Gliszczynski N, Dyczkowska JA, Musiał W, Panek A, Kotylak P. Energy Transformation of Road Transport Infrastructure—Concept and Assessment of the Electric Vehicle Recharging Systems. Energies. 2025; 18(16):4241. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18164241

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chamier-Gliszczynski, Norbert, Joanna Alicja Dyczkowska, Wojciech Musiał, Aleksandra Panek, and Piotr Kotylak. 2025. "Energy Transformation of Road Transport Infrastructure—Concept and Assessment of the Electric Vehicle Recharging Systems" Energies 18, no. 16: 4241. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18164241

APA Style

Chamier-Gliszczynski, N., Dyczkowska, J. A., Musiał, W., Panek, A., & Kotylak, P. (2025). Energy Transformation of Road Transport Infrastructure—Concept and Assessment of the Electric Vehicle Recharging Systems. Energies, 18(16), 4241. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18164241

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