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Energies
Volume 18
Issue 15
10.3390/en18154033
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Total Internal Reflection End-Pumped Solar Laser with the Solar-to-Laser Conversion Efficiency of 6.09%

by
Lin Wang
,
Haiyang Zhang
*,
Dário Garcia
,
Weichen Xu
,
Changming Zhao
and
Anran Guo
School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Energies 2025, 18(15), 4033; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18154033
Submission received: 1 July 2025 / Revised: 23 July 2025 / Accepted: 28 July 2025 / Published: 29 July 2025
(This article belongs to the Section A2: Solar Energy and Photovoltaic Systems)
Versions Notes

Abstract

A novel total internal reflection solar end-pumped laser system has been introduced for the first time, aimed at enhancing the solar-to-laser conversion efficiency. Utilizing a conical solid or cavity reflector, this system refocuses sunlight from a 0.2818 m2 parabolic mirror into a single Ce (0.05 at.%): Nd (1 at.%): YAG crystal rod, measuring 4 mm in diameter and 10 mm in length, thereby promoting total internal reflection and extending the pumping path. Simulation results indicate that under the same solar input power conditions (249.05 W), the conversion efficiencies of the conical solid reflector and cavity reflector systems are 1.2 times and 1.33 times higher than the current highest recorded efficiency of single-rod systems, respectively. At 950 W/m2, the conical reflector reaches 5.48% efficiency, while the cavity reflector attains 6.09%. Their collection efficiencies are 52.03 W/m2 and 57.90 W/m2, with slope efficiencies of 6.65% and 7.72%.
Keywords: solar-pumped laser; laser efficiency; total internal reflection; parabolic mirror solar-pumped laser; laser efficiency; total internal reflection; parabolic mirror

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Wang, L.; Zhang, H.; Garcia, D.; Xu, W.; Zhao, C.; Guo, A. Total Internal Reflection End-Pumped Solar Laser with the Solar-to-Laser Conversion Efficiency of 6.09%. Energies 2025, 18, 4033. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18154033

AMA Style

Wang L, Zhang H, Garcia D, Xu W, Zhao C, Guo A. Total Internal Reflection End-Pumped Solar Laser with the Solar-to-Laser Conversion Efficiency of 6.09%. Energies. 2025; 18(15):4033. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18154033

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wang, Lin, Haiyang Zhang, Dário Garcia, Weichen Xu, Changming Zhao, and Anran Guo. 2025. "Total Internal Reflection End-Pumped Solar Laser with the Solar-to-Laser Conversion Efficiency of 6.09%" Energies 18, no. 15: 4033. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18154033

APA Style

Wang, L., Zhang, H., Garcia, D., Xu, W., Zhao, C., & Guo, A. (2025). Total Internal Reflection End-Pumped Solar Laser with the Solar-to-Laser Conversion Efficiency of 6.09%. Energies, 18(15), 4033. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18154033

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