Analysis of the Energy, Environmental and Economic Efficiency of Multi-Family Residential Buildings in Poland
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Research Methodology
2.1. Description of the Analyzed Multi-Family Residential Building
2.2. Analysis of the Usable Energy Demand for Heating EUH
2.3. Energy Analysis of the Building
- Electric energy from the external grid = 2.5;
- Renewable solar energy (photovoltaic panels) = 0.0.
2.4. Environmental Analysis
- Electric energy from the external grid 0.708 kg/kWh;
- Renewable solar energy (photovoltaic panels) 0.0 kg/kWh.
2.5. Economic Analysis
- I0—investment costs related to the construction of the heat source [EUR];
- QK,m—annual final energy demand for heating, hot water preparation and auxiliary equipment [kWh/year];
- QZ,m—unit price of energy [EUR/kWh];
- i—discount rate;
- n—years of operation.
3. Results and Analysis
3.1. Climate Conditions in Poland
3.2. Usable Energy Demand for Heating in Different Climate Zones
3.3. Usable Energy Demand for Heating and Domestic Hot Utility Water for the Three Selected Locations in Poland
3.4. Energy, Environmental and Economic Analysis for a Building in Different Energy Classes
3.4.1. Energy Analysis
3.4.2. Environmental Analysis
3.4.3. Economic Analysis
3.5. Energy, Environmental and Economic Analyses for Selected Locations in Poland
3.5.1. Energy Analysis
3.5.2. Environmental Analysis
3.5.3. Economic Analysis
3.6. Summary of Analysis Results
4. Discussion and Development of Research
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Energy Class of Building Envelopes | Heat Transfer Coefficients of Building Envelopes |
---|---|
A | exterior walls: flat roofs: ceiling above the garage: windows: exterior doors: |
B | exterior walls: flat roofs: ceiling above the garage: windows: exterior doors: |
Indices Indicating the Type of Ventilation | Type of Ventilation |
---|---|
1 | mechanical exhaust ventilation with heat recovery |
2 | mechanical exhaust ventilation |
3 | gravity ventilation |
Efficiency | Values |
---|---|
Generation efficiency | 4.00 |
Accumulation efficiency | 0.95 |
Transmission efficiency | 0.90 |
Regulation and use efficiency | 0.85 |
Efficiency | Values |
---|---|
Generation efficiency | 3.00 |
Accumulation efficiency | 0.85 |
Transmission efficiency | 0.70 |
Climate Zone | [°C] |
---|---|
I | −16 |
II | −18 |
III | −20 |
IV | −22 |
V | −24 |
Climate Zones | Energy Demand | Location | Location Characteristics | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ⅰ | −16 | Minimum | 7.92 | Northwest | Świnoujście, seaside town, flat terrain, warm temperate climate |
Maximum | 12.53 | North | Łeba, seaside town, center of the Polish coast, warm temperate climate | ||
ⅠI | −18 | Minimum | 8.8 | Southwest | Legnica, town west of Wrocław, flat terrain, warm temperate climate |
Maximum | 14.3 | North | Chojnice, town in Pomerania, flat area, warm temperate climate | ||
ⅠII | −20 | Minimum | 7.82 | South | Nowy Sącz, mountainous terrain, continental temperate climate |
Maximum | 15.28 | East | Włodawa, flat terrain, eastern border of Polish, cool temperate climate | ||
ⅠV | −22 | Minimum | 9.02 | Southeast | Lesko, foothills, continental temperate climate |
Maximum | 16.84 | Northeast | Kętrzyn, flat terrain with moraine hills, cool temperate climate | ||
V | −24 | Minimum | 12.7 | South | Zakopane, mountain terrain, temperate climate |
Maximum | 19.79 | Northeast | Suwałki, flat terrain with moraine hills, cool temperate climate |
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Alsabry, A.; Szymański, K.; Backiel-Brzozowska, B. Analysis of the Energy, Environmental and Economic Efficiency of Multi-Family Residential Buildings in Poland. Energies 2024, 17, 2057. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092057
Alsabry A, Szymański K, Backiel-Brzozowska B. Analysis of the Energy, Environmental and Economic Efficiency of Multi-Family Residential Buildings in Poland. Energies. 2024; 17(9):2057. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092057
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlsabry, Abdrahman, Krzysztof Szymański, and Beata Backiel-Brzozowska. 2024. "Analysis of the Energy, Environmental and Economic Efficiency of Multi-Family Residential Buildings in Poland" Energies 17, no. 9: 2057. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092057
APA StyleAlsabry, A., Szymański, K., & Backiel-Brzozowska, B. (2024). Analysis of the Energy, Environmental and Economic Efficiency of Multi-Family Residential Buildings in Poland. Energies, 17(9), 2057. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092057