Environmentally Safe Method for Conditioning and Dewatering Sewage Sludge Using Iron Coagulant, Cellulose and Perlite
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Research Substrate
2.2. Reagents
2.3. Mixing Sludge with Reagents
2.4. Analytical Methods
2.5. Rheological Measurements
2.6. Research Combinations
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Research Results
3.1. Research Results—Combination 1
3.2. Research Results—Combination 2
3.3. Research Results—Combination 3
3.4. Research Results—Combination 4 and 5
4. Conclusions
- Dosing the commercial iron coagulant PIX 113 iron coagulant was the most beneficial method of sludge conditioning. Therefore, the greatest influence on the dewatering effect was the conditioner dosage, which caused destabilisation and flocculation of the sludge particles.
- Cellulose and perlite cannot be described as structure-forming agents supporting dewatering. Sludge single conditioned with cellulose or perlite excessively bound water in the structure of the sludge and ultimately limited filtration.
- The combination of reagents (PIX 113, cellulose, perlite) in dual conditioning resulted in the deterioration of sludge dewatering. Dual conditioning can only be effective if a combination of factors whose single action (single conditioning) is beneficial for the technological properties of the sludge.
- Dewatering of single/dual conditioned sludge, regardless of the doses and combinations used, generated a highly contaminated filtrate. The pH, conductivity and turbidity of the filtrate indicated that the resulting filtrate may be a problematic substrate for further purification.
- The use of rheological tests as a tool useful in determining the properties of sludge, and especially the effectiveness of conditioning methods, was limited. A high variability of the rheological parameters and no dependence on the technological parameters of the sludge were observed. The conditioned sludge were structurally unstable substrates, and their properties significantly depended on changes in shear rate. A conclusion can be drawn regarding increasing the mixing gradient or homogenising the mixture of sludge, especially with cellulose or perlite. However, it is necessary to check whether such processes affect the efficiency of dewatering and the quality of rheological analyses.
- The zeta potential was consistent with sediment dewatering effects. It seems justified to use zeta potential measurements for the initial selection of conditioners and their mixtures with sludge prior to dewatering. Minimising the zeta potential could justify the use of types and doses of conditioners of a coagulant and sorbent nature. However, it is recognised that a practical assessment of the susceptibility of sludge to dewatering can only be made on the basis of key technological parameters such as specific resistance of filtration resistance and sludge cake hydration.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Unit | Value |
---|---|---|
Total solids | g/L | 22.6 ± 0.6 |
Volatile solids | % | 17.3 ± 0.7 |
pH | - | 6.40 ± 0.21 |
Capillary suction time (CST) | s | 634.0 ± 32.0 |
Specific resistance of filtration (SRT) | ×1014 m/kg | 2.34 ± 1.2 |
Filtration velocity (FV) | L of filtrate/h | 0.8 ± 0.13 |
Final hydration of sludge cake (FH) | % | 94.8 ± 1.6 |
Filtrate pH | - | 6.40 ± 0.21 |
Filtrate Conductance | μS/cm | 149.4 ± 47 |
Filtrate Turbidity | NTU | 380.7 ± 43.9 |
Bingham (rheological model) | - | |
Hershel Bulkley (rheological model) | - | |
Ostwald (rheological model) | - | |
Thixotropy (T) | Pa s−1 | 382.3 ± 74.9 |
Model | Equation |
---|---|
Bingham | |
Herschel and Bulkley, (0 < n < N) | τ = τ0 + k(γ)n |
Power-law (Ostwald de Vaele) Shear-thinning (pseudoplastic) n < 1. Shear-thickening (dilatant) n > 1 |
PIX 113 Dose, mL/L of Sludge | 2.0 | 4.0 | 6.0 | 10.0 | 20.0 | 30.0 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pH | 5.39 ± 0.06 | 4.87 ± 0.11 | 4.47 ± 0.11 | 3.03 ± 0.14 | 2.44 ± 0.06 | 2.27 ± 0.09 |
Conductance, μS/cm | 169.1 ± 10.5 | 150.2 ± 7.3 | 140.0 ± 9.8 | 103.9 ± 7.6 | 76.9 ± 11.1 | 57.3 ± 8.6 |
Turbidity, NTU | 216 ± 11 | 199 ± 10 | 186 ± 13 | 151 ± 15 | 144 ± 9 | 137 ± 3 |
Model | Dose of PIX 113, mL/L | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2.0 | 4.0 | 6.0 | 10.0 | 20.0 | 30.0 | ||
Bingham | 0.007 | 0.0054 | - | 0.0049 | 0.0033 | 0.0068 | |
1.5741 | 3.1821 | - | 3.321 | 3.321 | 1.6192 | ||
R2 | 0.93 | 0.53 | <0.5 | 0.85 | 0.59 | 0.86 | |
Hershel Bulkley | 0.4635 | 0.2564 | - | 0.0001 | - | 0.0001 | |
0.1613 | 0.3131 | - | 0.765 | - | 0.3048 | ||
0.538 | 0.501 | - | 0.2976 | - | 0.4489 | ||
R2 | 0.99 | 0.84 | <0.50 | 0.94 | <0.50 | 0.94 | |
Ostwald | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 2.699 | 1.0 | |
0.2437 | 0.2512 | 0.2807 | 0.2511 | 0.0858 | 0.242 | ||
R2 | 0.98 | 0.96 | 0.93 | 0.99 | 0.97 | 0.98 | |
Thixotropy | 382.3 | 498.5 | 674.9 | 704.5 | 767.1 | 439.4 |
Celulose Dose, g/L | 0.5 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 4.0 | 8.0 | 16.0 | 32.0 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pH, | 5.5 ± 0.6 | 5.5 ± 0.3 | 5.4 ± 0.7 | 5.4 ± 0.2 | 5.5 ± 0.9 | 5.6 ± 0.9 | 5.7 ± 0.6 |
Conductance, μS/cm | 85.3 ± 6.3 | 71.9 ± 9.1 | 91.9 ± 4.2 | 170.5 ± 16.8 | 108.8 ± 5.8 | 119.0 ± 7.7 | 93.1 ± 7.6 |
Turbidity, NTU | 522 ± 29.7 | 508 ± 36.5 | 542 ± 29.7 | 471 ± 29.7 | 510 ± 34.5 | 503 ± 21.3 | 462 ± 9.7 |
Model | Dose of Celulose, g/L | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.5 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 4.0 | 8.0 | 16.0 | 32.0 | ||
Bingham | - | 0.0071 | - | 0.0066 | - | - | - | |
- | 1.3833 | - | 2.3606 | - | - | - | ||
R2 | <0.50 | 0.94 | <0.50 | 0.74 | <0.50 | <0.50 | <0.50 | |
Hershel Bulkley | - | 0.838 | - | - | - | - | ||
- | 0.0598 | - | 0.6481 | - | - | - | ||
- | 0.6776 | - | 0.3468 | - | - | - | ||
R2 | <0.50 | 0.99 | <0.50 | 0.88 | <0.50 | <0.50 | <0.50 | |
Ostwald | 2.2661 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | - | - | - | |
0.1268 | 0.235 | 0.2936 | 0.2707 | - | - | - | ||
R2 | 0.91 | 0.97 | 0.92 | 0.99 | <0.50 | <0.50 | <0.50 | |
Thixotropy | 733.7 | 345.9 | 1239.6 | 434.9 | 1131.2 | 2343.2 | 11,234.4 |
Perlite Dose, g/L | 0.5 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 4.0 | 8.0 | 16.0 | 32.0 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pH, | 5.6 ± 0.04 | 5.6 ± 0.07 | 5.6 ± 0.06 | 5.6 ± 0.04 | 5.6 ± 0.03 | 5.6 ± 0.01 | 5.6 ± 0.06 |
Conductance, μS/cm | 142.1 ± 3.1 | 56.7 ± 3.6 | 46.1 ± 2.8 | 35.1 ± 2.0 | 30.8 ± 2.1 | 26.3 ± 1.9 | 24.0 ± 2.0 |
Turbidity, NTU | 608 ± 33.9 | 586 ± 42.5 | 571 ± 20.6 | 601 ± 49.0 | 598 ± 20.7 | 556 ± 23.4 | 640 ± 36.2 |
Model | Dose of Perlite, g/L | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.5 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 4.0 | 8.0 | 16.0 | 32.0 | ||
Bingham | 0.0093 | - | - | - | 0.0087 | 0.0094 | 0.0153 | |
1.6415 | - | - | - | 1.2473 | 2.6099 | 4.3343 | ||
R2 | 0.94 | <0.50 | <0.50 | <0.50 | 0.96 | 0.89 | 0.92 | |
Hershel Bulkley | 0.2069 | - | - | - | 0.0815 | - | - | |
0.1886 | - | - | - | 0.1348 | - | - | ||
0.558 | - | - | - | 0.5959 | - | - | ||
R2 | 0.99 | <0.50 | <0.50 | <0.50 | 0.99 | <0.5 | <0.50 | |
Ostwald | 1.0 | 6.5365 | 1.0 | 3.9677 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
0.2765 | 0.0085 | 0.2654 | 0.0259 | 0.2516 | 0.3099 | 0.3965 | ||
R2 | 0.98 | 0.91 | 0.95 | 0.94 | 0.96 | 0.99 | 0.99 | |
Thixotropy | 309.7 | 833.5 | 906.8 | 709.9 | 603.7 | 618.4 | 1012.3 |
Parameter | FH | FV | CST | pH | C | T |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Combination 1—PIX 113 | ||||||
SRF | 0.98 | −0.96 | 1.00 | 0.78 | 0.74 | 0.83 |
FH | −0.98 | 0.97 | 0.88 | 0.86 | 0.92 | |
FV | −0.95 | −0.91 | −0.88 | −0.94 | ||
CST | 0.76 | 0.72 | 0.81 | |||
pH | 0.99 | 1.00 | ||||
C | 0.98 | |||||
Combination 2—Cellulose | ||||||
SRF | 0.75 | 0.65 | 0.94 | −0.28 | −0.94 | 0.67 |
FH | 0.85 | 0.92 | −0.79 | −0.74 | 0.90 | |
FV | 0.78 | −0.63 | −0.70 | 0.65 | ||
CST | −0.51 | −0.92 | 0.79 | |||
pH | 0.26 | −0.82 | ||||
C | −0.65 | |||||
Combination 3—Perlite | ||||||
SRF | 0.77 | −0.88 | 0.93 | 0.36 | 0.72 | −0.20 |
FH | −0.93 | 0.90 | −0.12 | 0.45 | −0.45 | |
FV | −0.95 | −0.21 | −0.67 | 0.47 | ||
CST | 0.23 | 0.74 | −0.19 | |||
pH | 0.61 | −0.02 | ||||
C | 0.12 |
Combination | pH | Conductivity, | Turbidity, NTU |
---|---|---|---|
PIX 113 (6.0 mL/L), (comparison level) | 4.47 ± 0.11 (a) | 140.1 ± 9.8 (a) | 186 ±13 (a) |
PIX 113 + Cellulose (6.0 mL/L + 8.0 g/L) | 4.63 ± 0.33 (a) | 232.1 ± 21.4 (b) | 167 ± 14 (b) |
PIX 113 + Cellulose (6.0 mL/L + 16.0 g/L) | 4.59 ± 0.40 (a) | 240.6 ± 13.8 (b) | 165 ± 21 (b) |
Cellulose + PIX 113 (8.0 g/L + 6.0 mL/L) | 4.62 ± 0.32 (a) | 205.7 ± 10.8 (b) | 143 ± 11 (b) |
Cellulose + PIX 113 (16.0 g/L + 6.0 mL/L) | 4.60 ± 0.13 (a) | 240.5 ± 16.1 (b) | 148 ± 15 (b) |
PIX 113 + Perlite (6.0 mL/L + 8.0 g/L) | 4.66 ± 0.11 (a) | 332.7 ± 32.4 (c) | 144 ± 17 (b) |
PIX 113 + Perlite (6.0 mL/L + 16.0 g/L) | 4.38 ± 0.90 (a) | 297.0 ± 21.5 (b) | 143 ± 13 (b) |
Perlite + PIX 113 (8.0 g/L + 6.0 mL/L) | 4.43 ± 0.12 (a) | 291.2 ± 24.7 (b) | 145 ± 19 (b) |
Perlite + PIX 113 (16.0 g/L + 6.0 mL/L) | 4.58 ± 0.14 (a) | 344.0 ± 23.8 (c) | 146 ± 10 (b) |
Model | Dose of Celulose, g/L | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
6.0 mL/L + 4.0 g/L | 6.0 mL/L + 8.0 g/L | 4.0 g/L + 6.0 mL/L | 8.0 g/L + 6.0 mL/L | ||
Bingham | - | - | - | 0.0061 | |
- | - | - | 3.4362 | ||
R2 | <0.5 | <0.5 | <0.5 | 0.83 | |
Hershel Bulkley | - | - | - | 0.0011 | |
- | - | - | 1.1564 | ||
- | - | - | 0.2764 | ||
R2 | <0.5 | <0.5 | <0.5 | 0.95 | |
Ostwald | 11.5798 | 51.7884 | 3.2803 | 1.1198 | |
0.0038 | 0.102 | 0.0853 | 0.2823 | ||
R2 | 0.94 | 0.98 | 0.96 | 0.99 | |
Thixotropy | 2236.8 | 4598.2 | 673.9 | 847.9 |
Model | Dose of Perlite, g/L | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
6.0 mL/L + 4.0 g/L | 6.0 mL/L + 8.0 g/L | 4.0 g/L + 6.0 mL/L | 8.0 g/L + 6.0 mL/L | ||
Bingham | 0.0068 | 0.0074 | 0.0109 | - | |
4.3328 | 2.9374 | 3.8754 | - | ||
R2 | 0.67 | 0.90 | 0.68 | <0.5 | |
Hershel Bulkley | 0.0024 | 0.0018 | 3.8209 | - | |
1.5505 | 0.7508 | 0.0127 | - | ||
0.2579 | 0.35 | 0.9768 | - | ||
R2 | 0.82 | 0.99 | 0.68 | <0.5 | |
Ostwald | 1.4733 | 1.0000 | 1.7875 | 1.4263 | |
0.2662 | 0.3006 | 0.2479 | 0.4019 | ||
R2 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.95 | 0.97 | |
Thixotropy | 963.6 | 1017.7 | 1637.3 | 5321.5 |
Conditioning | Dose | Zeta Potential, mV | |
---|---|---|---|
Raw sludge | - | −18.45 | ±1.26 |
PIX 113 | (2 mL/L) | −11.45 | ±3.54 |
PIX 113 | (4 mL/L) | −4.55 | ±1.09 |
PIX 113 | (6 mL/L) | −3.61 | ±1.15 |
PIX 113 | (10 mL/L) | −2.03 | ±0.92 |
Celulose | (8 g/L) | −23.4 | ±6.30 |
Celulose | (16 g/L) | −24.6 | ±4.34 |
Perlite | (8 g/L) | −15.4 | ±0.96 |
Perlite | (16 g/L) | −14.3 | ±0.71 |
PIX 113 + Cellulose | (6.0 mL/L + 8.0 g/L) | −3.4 | ±0.34 |
PIX 113 + Cellulose | (6.0 mL/L + 16.0 g/L) | −3.2 | ±0.51 |
Cellulose + PIX 113 | (8.0 g/L + 6.0 mL/L) | −4.1 | ±0.87 |
Cellulose + PIX 113 | (16.0 g/L + 6.0 mL/L) | −4.8 | ±1.29 |
PIX 113 + Perlite | (6.0 mL/L + 8.0 g/L) | −3.5 | ±0.64 |
PIX 113 + Perlite | (6.0 mL/L + 16.0 g/L) | −2.6 | ±0.13 |
Perlite + PIX 113 | (8.0 g/L + 6.0 mL/L) | −3.0 | ±0.63 |
Perlite + PIX 113 | (16.0 g/L + 6.0 mL/L) | −2.1 | ±0.20 |
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Kamizela, T.; Worwąg, M.; Kowalczyk, M. Environmentally Safe Method for Conditioning and Dewatering Sewage Sludge Using Iron Coagulant, Cellulose and Perlite. Energies 2024, 17, 134. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17010134
Kamizela T, Worwąg M, Kowalczyk M. Environmentally Safe Method for Conditioning and Dewatering Sewage Sludge Using Iron Coagulant, Cellulose and Perlite. Energies. 2024; 17(1):134. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17010134
Chicago/Turabian StyleKamizela, Tomasz, Małgorzata Worwąg, and Mariusz Kowalczyk. 2024. "Environmentally Safe Method for Conditioning and Dewatering Sewage Sludge Using Iron Coagulant, Cellulose and Perlite" Energies 17, no. 1: 134. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17010134