Sustainable Energy Policies in Developing Countries: A Review of Challenges and Opportunities

Abstract

This contribution offers a thorough analysis of challenges and opportunities related to the adoption of sustainable energy policies in specific developing countries (i.e., Albania, Brazil, India, Kenya). The use of renewable energy sources must be increased if the world is to meet its climate goals and alleviate the negative effects of fossil fuel consumption. However, due to fiscal restrictions, institutional barriers, and technology limitations, developing countries face particular challenges in adopting such policies. In order to help these countries move towards a sustainable energy future, this study analyses these issues and suggests viable solutions for policymakers.

1. Introduction

The global energy trajectory is at a turning point, with sustainable energy policies emerging as a strong response to the dual problems of increasing energy consumption and accelerating climate change [1]. Developing countries, with their expanding populations, accelerating urbanisation, and expanding economies, are key players in determining the global energy picture [2]. Their energy decisions have a significant impact on their own economic and social progress as well as on broader international efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and combat climate change. The forefront of this sustainable revolution is being led by developing nations, which are distinguished by fast population growth, increased urbanisation, and expanding economies [3]. Adopting a sustainable energy policy is essential for both national attempts to reduce the negative consequences of fossil fuel consumption as well as for their own socioeconomic development [4].

A sizeable majority of the world’s population resides in developing countries, and in the ensuing decades, their energy requirements are expected to rise sharply. It is a significant challenge to meet these energy needs while maintaining environmental sustainability. The economic expansion of many emerging countries has been fuelled by conventional energy sources, which are mostly dependent on fossil fuels [5]. However, this dependence has exacerbated the already urgent problems of climate change and resource depletion by causing environmental degradation, air pollution, and a significant carbon footprint. To further social and economic growth while preserving the environment and natural resources for upcoming generations, it is crucial to pursue a low-carbon, resource-efficient energy paradigm [6]. Meeting the rising energy needs to support their economic growth and ensuring that this energy is sourced in an environmentally appropriate way presents challenges for developing countries [7]. These countries’ traditional energy systems, which have long been dominated by fossil fuels, have led to environmental degradation, air pollution, and a significant carbon footprint. The transition to sustainable energy sources, like renewable energy and energy-saving practises, provide a workable way to break the link between economic expansion and environmental deterioration. Compared to industrialised countries, developing countries have a unique set of energy problems. These difficulties result from a complex interaction of variables, including socioeconomic inequality, demographic increase, and technical limitations [8]. In these nations, a sizable section of the populace still uses conventional biomass for cooking and heating, which has negative health effects and degrades the environment [9]. Furthermore, the lack of access to advanced energy services, particularly in rural areas, impairs access to healthcare, education, and employment possibilities as well as the general quality of life [10]. Energy infrastructure gaps, such as weak power grids and distribution networks, are a major barrier to the universal access to reliable and inexpensive energy [11]. It is a difficult issue for politicians in these nations to strike a balance between the demand for access to energy and the need for sustainability.

The importance of sustainable energy in creating a more just and sustainable world has been acknowledged by the international community [12]. Several Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are closely related to sustainable energy, with SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy and SDG 13: Climate Action being particularly pertinent. These objectives include taking immediate action to prevent climate change and its effects as well as ensuring that everyone has access to energy services that are affordable, dependable, sustainable, and modern. SDG 7 and SDG 13 must be accomplished by coordinated global, national, and local efforts. Developing nations must set out on a transformational journey to decarbonize their energy sectors while enhancing energy access and promoting economic growth in cooperation with international organisations and developed countries [13].

This literature review attempts to offer a thorough analysis of the challenges and opportunities that developing countries must overcome in their pursuit of sustainable energy policies. This research intends to identify the major obstacles to the adoption of sustainable energy solutions by examining the distinctive energy environment and contextual restrictions in these countries. It also seeks to identify prospective openings and creative routes that can result in effective energy transitions. Policymakers, international organisations, and other stakeholders interested in implementing sustainable energy policies in developing countries will find the findings and insights from this review to be of great use.

To achieve these objectives, this paper is structured in the following way: Section 2 provides an overview of sustainable energy in developing countries, focusing on their energy consumption patterns, reliance on fossil fuels, and progress in implementing renewable energy sources. In Section 3, challenges and opportunities that developing countries confront in implementing sustainable energy policy are examined. Section 4 includes case studies of sustainable energy programmes in certain developing nations, providing an inside look into noteworthy initiatives and emphasising the takeaways from these experiences. Section 5 offers policy recommendations based on the review’s findings. In Section 6, the social and environmental effects of sustainable energy policies and the significance of cross-national collaboration are discussed. The paper is concluded with Section 7, which highlights the necessity of sustainable energy policies in developing nations for reaching global sustainability goals and summarises the main points.

The purpose of this structured analysis is to add to the growing body of knowledge on sustainable energy policies and to offer policymakers and stakeholders actionable insights that can help them navigate the difficult obstacles and countless opportunities that stand in the way of a sustainable energy future in developing nations.

2. Sustainable Energy in Developing Countries: Current State and Trends

Numerous emerging countries have seen fast urbanisation and economic growth, which has increased energy demands. Due to their cost and accessibility, fossil fuels including coal, oil, and natural gas have historically made up the majority of their energy mix [14]. But this excessive reliance on fossil fuels has left a big carbon imprint and damaged the ecology [15]. Here, we report the case of the Middle East and North Africa region to describe the trend in the energy mix for electricity generation until 2050 (Figure 1).

Figure 1 reports the electricity generation in the Middle East and North Africa under two alternative scenarios, namely the Planned Energy Scenario and the Transforming Energy Scenario. They provide contrasting visions of how the energy landscape in the Middle East and North Africa region could unfold over time. Specifically, in the Planned Energy Scenario, the region’s energy development follows a trajectory that largely continues the existing trends and practices. The data under this scenario reflects the energy outcomes if the current policies and strategies remain in place. While there is a noticeable increase in the total energy supply and power generation capacity, it is primarily driven by non-renewable sources such as fossil fuels and nuclear energy. Non-renewable sources are expected to achieve 2760 TWh in 2050. While considering renewable sources, onshore wind is expected to increase the most, reaching 433 TWh. This scenario provides insights into what the energy landscape might look like if there is limited emphasis on renewable energy adoption and transformative policies. In contrast, the Transforming Energy Scenario envisions a future where there is a significant shift towards sustainable and renewable energy sources, coupled with ambitious energy efficiency measures and substantial investments in cleaner technologies. This would set the energy system on the path needed to keep the rise in global temperatures to well below 2 degrees Celsius (°C) and towards 1.5 °C during this century. Under this scenario, the data reveals a substantial increase in the renewable energy capacity, a notable reduction in carbon emissions, and a diversified energy portfolio. Investments in energy efficiency, the electrification of heat and transport, and the renewable power generation capacity are higher in this scenario, indicating a proactive transition towards a more sustainable energy ecosystem.

Comparing these two scenarios helps us understand the potential outcomes of different policy and strategic choices. The Planned Energy Scenario reflects a business-as-usual approach, while the Transforming Energy Scenario showcases the positive impacts of transitioning to a more sustainable and cleaner energy future. The data underscores the importance of making informed decisions and taking proactive measures to achieve long-term energy sustainability and mitigate environmental impacts.

Growing numbers of people now understand that we need to switch to greener, more sustainable energy sources. By including renewable energy technology, several developing nations have started to diversify their energy portfolios [18]. This transformation is being brought about by international climate agreements, domestic environmental concerns, and the understanding that renewable energy provides a long-term, realistic answer to both the problems of energy security and sustainability [19]. Even if more people are using renewable energy, dependency on fossil fuels is still a major issue in many developing nations. In addition to increasing greenhouse gas emissions, the prolonged use of fossil fuels for industrial transportation, power generation activities, and waste mismanagement also puts public health at risk and degrades the ecosystem [20]. Public health is negatively impacted by air pollution from burning fossil fuels, which causes respiratory ailments and early death [21]. Energy security, affordability, and sustainability must be carefully balanced in order to address the dependency on fossil fuels [22]. Economic challenges that frequently plague developing nations prevent them from making a speedy transition away from fossil fuels. In order to achieve a sustainable energy transition, it is essential to establish sustainable energy policies that gradually reduce fossil fuel subsidies while boosting incentives for renewable energy [23]. The abundance of renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, and biomass, is frequently a blessing for developing countries. With the help of these resources, businesses can diversify their energy sources and cut greenhouse gas emissions. Figure 2 illustrates the trends over the last decade in various developing regions concerning the utilization of renewable energy sources, specifically bioenergy, solar, and wind.

One notable observation is the dominant and transformative role played by Asia in this context. Starting from a generation of 238 terawatt-hours (TWh) in 2012, Asia has significantly escalated its renewable energy generation to a remarkable 1532 TWh by 2021. This substantial increase reflects a considerable shift towards sustainable energy practices and a heightened focus on harnessing the potential of renewable sources. The positive trajectory of renewable energy adoption is also evident in South America. This region has experienced a notable upward trend primarily attributed to the utilization of bioenergy. In 2012, South America generated 52 TWh of bioenergy, which has now expanded to a commendable 204 TWh in 2021. This robust growth underscores the region’s dedication to tapping into its bioenergy resources and leveraging them for a more sustainable energy mix. These trends are highly encouraging, signalling a global movement towards cleaner and more environmentally-friendly energy sources. The surge in renewable energy generation is particularly evident in Asia, where the substantial increase reflects a remarkable commitment to reducing carbon emissions and mitigating climate change. Similarly, the progress witnessed in South America underscores the effectiveness of harnessing bioenergy to meet energy demands sustainably.

However, some obstacles exist. Regulatory backing, technological capacity, and financial resources are just a few of the variables that affect how quickly renewable energy technologies are actually adopted in poor nations [26]. In several developing nations, the use of renewable energy has advanced significantly. To encourage private investment and the implementation of renewable technologies, they have put in place tailored policies and incentives [27]. Others, on the other hand, struggle to create the infrastructure, finance, and regulatory frameworks required to promote the adoption of renewable energy [28]. The issue of energy access and energy poverty in emerging nations is crucial in the perspective of sustainable energy. In these countries, a sizable section of the populace lacks access to dependable and contemporary energy services [29]. The lack of access to electricity and sanitary cooking facilities has a negative impact on economic possibilities, healthcare, education, and the general quality of life [30].

To provide equitable access to energy, addressing energy poverty demands creative and inclusive strategies [31]. Decentralised renewable energy solutions, mini-grids, and off-grid technologies should be prioritised in sustainable energy strategies to electrify rural and underserved areas [32]. Additionally, implementing energy-efficient technologies can significantly impact energy consumption reduction and vulnerable people’s access to energy [33]. A delicate balance between reliance on fossil fuels and the progressive integration of renewable energy sources best describes the current condition of sustainable energy in emerging nations. Even while there have been improvements in some areas, there are still major obstacles to accelerating the transition to sustainability. The next sections will delve into these issues and opportunities, offering knowledge that can help developing countries create sustainable energy policies that work.

3. Challenges and Opportunities of Sustainable Energy Policies in Developing Countries

3.1. Challenges

Relevant challenges that developing countries often confront in implementing sustainable energy policies deal with economic limitations, a lack of technological infrastructure, institutional and political impediments, and the significance of social acceptability and awareness.

Economic limitations and financial hurdles are some of the biggest obstacles to the implementation of sustainable energy policies in developing countries [34]. The budgetary constraints and competing development agendas that many of these countries face make investments in sustainable energy projects difficult [35]. For economies with limited resources, the hefty upfront costs of infrastructure developments and renewable energy technology can be particularly intimidating. Furthermore, because of the perceived dangers and uncertainties in developing nations, securing reasonable financing and luring private investment, from local and foreign investors, for sustainable energy projects might be difficult [36]. Despite worldwide agreements to promote developing countries’ transitions to sustainable energy, the limited access to international climate finance and green funds is another obstacle [37].

When seeking to put sustainable energy regulations into place, developing nations frequently run into technological obstacles. They might not have the technology foundation or technical know-how to construct and manage renewable energy projects successfully [38]. This covers issues with modern energy management systems, storage options, and grid integration [39]. Intellectual property rights, financial constraints, and corruption can also be barriers to technological transfer from wealthy countries [40]. For developing nations to move ahead of developed nations in switching to cleaner energy sources, there must be a rapid transfer of renewable energy technologies at a cost that is cheap and accessible.

The development of sustainable energy policies in developing nations can be seriously hampered by political and institutional obstacles. There may occasionally be a lack of political commitment or desire to give sustainable energy transitions a priority [41]. Policy inertia or delays in the implementation of sustainable energy measures may be caused by vested interests, short-term political considerations, and opposition from the fossil fuel industry’s incumbents [42]. As a result, long-term investments in sustainable energy projects may be discouraged by the lack of transparent and reliable regulatory frameworks [43].

In order for sustainable energy regulations to be successfully implemented, social acceptance and cultural considerations are crucial. Although renewable energy projects may have long-term advantages for the environment and the economy, local people may be opposed to them due to worries about their visual effects, their impact on land use, or their perceived disturbance of traditional lives [44]. Additionally, altering consumer behaviour and energy consumption patterns is frequently necessary to meet energy efficiency and conservation goals. It can be difficult to promote the knowledge of sustainable energy practises and behavioural shifts in places where energy use is deeply embedded in cultural norms and daily routines [45].

Developing countries face a variety of intricate difficulties when putting sustainable energy policies into practise. The transition to sustainable energy is complicated by a number of factors, including a limited technological infrastructure, political and institutional impediments, societal acceptance challenges, and financial limits. A multifaceted and customised strategy that includes policy changes, global partnerships, and focused capacity-building efforts is needed to address these difficulties. The possibilities for overcoming these challenges and promoting the adoption of sustainable energy policies in developing nations will be examined in more detail in the following section.

3.2. Opportunities

Developing countries have many chances to benefit from sustainable energy options and pave the path for a future that is more environmentally friendly and resilient. These possibilities are brought about by technical developments, global alliances, innovative public policies, and the incorporation of renewable energy sources [46]. In addition to accelerating their energy transition, developing countries can take use of these opportunities to foster sustainable economic growth, cut greenhouse gas emissions, and raise energy security [47].

For developing nations looking to diversify their energy mix and cut carbon emissions, renewable energy resources have enormous promise. Renewable energy sources can be used to generate safe and dependable electricity [48]. Particularly, solar energy presents a scalable and distributed alternative to increase access to electricity in off-the-grid and disadvantaged locations [49]. Governments can take advantage of the declining costs of renewable energy by establishing favourable policy conditions that will draw private money and encourage sustainable energy initiatives [50]. Long-term power purchase agreements, feed-in tariffs, and financial incentives can incentivize investments in renewable energy infrastructure and promote the use of sustainable energy [51].

The shift to sustainable energy in developing nations is greatly aided by international cooperation. Projects using sustainable energy might benefit from financial and technical support from partnerships with international organisations, donor agencies, and multilateral development banks [52]. These partnerships can facilitate technology transfers, give access to technical skills, and help close the financial gap [53]. Global programmes like the Climate Technology Centre and Network (CTCN) and the Green Climate Fund provide money and capacity-building assistance for developing nations’ sustainable energy programmes. Participating in regional and international platforms can promote information sharing, the dissemination of best practises, and the replication of effective sustainable energy models.

Developing nations have a rare chance to skip conventional energy routes and choose cutting-edge, cleaner technology. Decentralised energy systems can become more energy efficient and resilient by adopting distributed renewable energy systems, smart grids, and energy storage technologies, for instance [54]. Additionally, the demand-side response is made possible by digital technologies, data analytics, and the Internet of Things (IoT), which can also improve energy conservation [55]. In order to encourage private sector investments in cutting-edge energy solutions and promote a more competitive and sustainable energy market, governments can develop favourable policy frameworks [56]. To meet the unique issues of emerging countries and facilitate their energy transition, policy innovation and adaptation are essential. Governments can create context-specific policies that strike a compromise between goals for sustainability and energy access. To encourage the use of renewable energy, this may entail adjusting energy pricing structures, regulatory frameworks, and financial incentives. Planning for integrated energy is essential, considering the connections between energy, the environment, and socioeconomic development. To attain sustainable and inclusive results, developing nations can investigate cross-sectoral strategies that coordinate energy planning with agricultural, water management, and industrial development [57].

Developing nations have a wide range of chances to profit from sustainable energy and quicken the transition to a low-carbon future. These countries may unleash the potential for a more resilient and sustainable energy landscape by accepting technical advancements, adopting renewable energy resources, participating in international partnerships, and supporting policy adaptation. In order to take advantage of these opportunities and guarantee that sustainable energy policies contribute to a sustainable and prosperous future for all, strategic and targeted actions will be necessary.

4. Case Studies: Sustainable Energy Initiatives in Developing Countries

Studies of successful projects, their effects, and the lessons that can be drawn from their execution are all useful insights that may be gained from case studies of sustainable energy programmes in developing countries. Policymakers, stakeholders, and international organisations can better grasp the difficulties and potential in implementing sustainable energy policies in various contexts by looking at these real-world examples:

4.1. Albania: Harnessing Hydropower for Sustainable Energy Development

Albania, nestled in the Balkan region, serves as an intriguing case study of a European developing country harnessing hydropower as a cornerstone of its sustainable energy policies [58]. The nation’s rugged terrain, abundant rivers, and substantial hydropower potential offer a compelling backdrop for examining how sustainable policies can shape its energy landscape while considering social, environmental, and economic dimensions. Sustainable hydropower policies in Albania encompass a comprehensive set of strategies, regulations, and incentives designed to harness the country’s hydropower potential while ensuring responsible and equitable development [59]. These policies are formulated to achieve a delicate balance between energy security, environmental conservation, social inclusion, and economic growth. Here are some key components of sustainable hydropower policies in Albania and factors that contribute to their success:

• Strategic Planning and Vision: Successful sustainable hydropower policies begin with a clear strategic vision. Albania’s policies outline long-term goals, targets, and pathways for hydropower development aligned with national energy objectives and international climate commitments.
• Environmental Safeguards: Policies emphasize robust environmental impact assessments (EIAs) for hydropower projects. These assessments evaluate potential ecological consequences, providing the basis for informed decision-making and guiding project design to minimize negative impacts on rivers, habitats, and biodiversity.
• Community Engagement and Benefit Sharing: Policies prioritize engaging local communities in the planning and decision-making process. By fostering transparency, participation, and equitable benefit sharing, policies ensure that the benefits of hydropower development extend to local populations, promoting social acceptance and minimizing conflicts.
• Technology and Innovation: Sustainable hydropower policies encourage the adoption of innovative technologies that optimize energy generation while minimizing environmental disruption. This includes exploring advanced turbine designs, fish-friendly infrastructure, and other solutions that enhance efficiency and ecological compatibility.
• Regulatory Framework and Permitting Process: A well-defined regulatory framework ensures that hydropower projects adhere to environmental standards and social safeguards. Policies streamline permitting processes, ensuring efficient project approvals while maintaining rigorous oversight.
• Financial Mechanisms and Incentives: Financial incentives, such as feed-in tariffs, tax incentives, and grants, stimulate private sector investments in hydropower projects. These mechanisms attract capital, accelerate project implementation, and enhance economic growth while promoting sustainable development.
• International Collaboration: Collaboration with international organizations, neighbouring countries, and experienced stakeholders facilitates knowledge sharing, technology transfer, and financial support. This exchange of expertise contributes to the effective implementation of sustainable hydropower policies.
• Monitoring and Reporting: Policies establish rigorous monitoring and reporting mechanisms to track the environmental, social, and economic performance of hydropower projects. Regular assessments ensure that projects are aligned with policy goals and allow for necessary corrective actions.

Albania’s emphasis on sustainable hydropower policies demonstrates its commitment to energy security and environmental stewardship. The policies have spurred hydropower development, contributing to the country’s energy diversification goals. Nevertheless, the sector’s growth has been accompanied by environmental concerns and social conflicts, emphasizing the need for strengthened environmental impact assessments and inclusive community engagement to mitigate potential adverse effects. Implementing sustainable hydropower policies in Albania is not without its challenges. Striking a balance between energy production and environmental preservation demands rigorous environmental assessments and innovative engineering solutions. Equitable benefit-sharing among local communities, addressing land use conflicts, and managing water availability for agriculture require careful attention. The significant upfront investments needed for hydropower projects necessitate effective financing mechanisms that ensure economic viability. Navigating regulatory complexities and building institutional capacity to oversee sustainable development further complicates the process. Despite these hurdles, the overall commitment in the country to addressing these challenges will determine the success of its sustainable hydropower initiatives and its journey towards a greener and more resilient energy landscape.

4.2. India: Balancing Energy Access and Sustainability

With a population of over 1.3 billion, India is a rapidly developing economy that must simultaneously address the pressing demand for environmental sustainability and the tremendous issue of universal energy access [60]. The country is one of the biggest energy consumers in the world, and as businesses develop and urbanisation quickens, so do its energy needs. India has historically relied largely on fossil fuels, such as coal and oil, to satisfy its growing energy demand, which resulted in enormous greenhouse gas emissions and environmental deterioration. However, India has made significant progress recently in embracing sustainable energy options in an effort to achieve a compromise between environmental concerns and energy access. The nation has set lofty goals to expand the share of renewable energy sources because it recognises the need to reduce its carbon footprint.

Several important elements have contributed to India’s success in the renewable energy sector:

• Government Initiatives and Policy Support: The Indian government has put in place a number of initiatives and policy measures to encourage the use of renewable energy sources [61]. Private investment in renewable energy projects has been stimulated by the implementation of beneficial feed-in tariffs, generation-based incentives, and tax benefits. Additionally, programmes like the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission see [62] and the Wind Power Programme have been implemented; see [63].
• Growth in Renewable Energy Capacity: In recent years, India’s renewable energy capacity has seen great expansion. Due to the proliferation of large-scale solar parks and rooftop solar initiatives around the country, India has emerged as a global leader in the deployment of solar energy [34]. Additionally, the world’s ability to create wind energy has increased, with India now ranking among the top producers globally [64].
• Strong Support for Global Climate Agreements: India is committed to upholding its obligations to the world in addressing climate change. The nation ratified the Paris Agreement, establishing goals to lower the GDP’s emission intensity and raise the proportion of non-fossil fuel-based power capacity [65]. This commitment has increased India’s emphasis on the deployment of renewable energy sources and the sustainable energy transition.
• Decentralised Energy Solutions: To solve the issue of energy availability in rural and underserved areas, India has realised the value of decentralised renewable energy solutions. Many off-grid areas now have electricity thanks to projects like decentralised solar energy projects and biomass-based microgrids, which have a positive impact on people’s lives and the socioeconomic environment [66].

India’s commitment to renewable energy expansion has yielded substantial improvements in its energy sector. The policies fostering renewable energy adoption have led to a remarkable increase in installed capacity, elevating the share of renewables in the energy mix. This transition has not only contributed to reduced carbon emissions but has also improved energy security by diversifying the energy sources. However, despite these gains, challenges remain in achieving a seamless integration of intermittent renewable sources into the grid, leading to intermittency-related issues. Grid instability during high renewable generation periods and the low-capacity utilization of some renewable assets are concerns that need to be addressed through advanced grid management technologies and interconnection enhancements.

Despite these successes, India still has a lot of work to do to strike a balance between sustainability and energy access. Advanced grid stability technology and energy storage solutions are needed to improve renewable energy sources productivity [67]. Rapid growth puts pressure on the infrastructure for electricity transmission, needing modifications to effectively integrate renewable energy [68]. Large-scale project financing and using cutting-edge technology provide both financial and technological challenges. Additionally, there are still discrepancies in access to energy, which calls for community involvement and specific legislation [69]. For a low-carbon, inclusive energy future, India’s dedication to renewable energy expansion and legislative support is commendable, but grid integration, financial constraints, and discrepancies in energy access must still be addressed.

4.3. Brazil: The Role of Bioenergy in the Energy Mix

Brazil, one of the biggest and most biodiverse nations in the world, has successfully developed a bioenergy industry by utilising its wealth of natural resources. The nation’s strategic use of bioenergy has been crucial in promoting energy security, diversifying the nation’s energy supply, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions [70]. Brazil’s bioenergy sector has emerged as a crucial element of its sustainable energy plan, with a focus on sugarcane-based ethanol and biomass power. Specifically:

• Production of Sugarcane-Based Ethanol: Producing huge quantities of ethanol from sugarcane for use as a transportation fuel is one of Brazil’s most notable bioenergy sector accomplishments. The nation is a world leader in sugarcane farming thanks to its favourable environment and extensive agricultural territory [71]. Brazil has successfully executed a programme to mix ethanol with petrol, known as “Gasohol” with a required ethanol blend of 27.5%. This strategy has improved energy security by lowering the nation’s dependence on imported fossil fuels as well as greenhouse gas emissions [72].
• Biomass Power Generation: Brazil has exploited biomass for energy production in addition to ethanol made from sugarcane. Biomass power plants generate electricity through cogeneration or separate power plants using agricultural waste, forestry waste, and other organic resources [73]. Brazil has further diversified its energy mix and lessened its dependency on fossil fuels for the production of electricity by utilising this renewable energy source. In agricultural districts, the utilisation of biomass for power generation has also opened doors for rural development and employment creation [74]. Additionally, it helps Brazil’s efforts to solve the problem of waste management because biomass power generation makes use of organic remains that would otherwise be thrown away or burned carelessly.

Brazil’s favourable policy environment is partly responsible for the country’s success in the bioenergy sector. To encourage the development and use of biofuels and biomass power, the government has put in place a number of incentives and restrictions [75]. These include tax breaks, credit lines with lower interest rates for bioenergy projects, and blending requirements to promote the use of biofuels in the transportation industry.

Brazil has also launched the National Biofuels Policy (RenovaBio), which establishes precise goals for lowering greenhouse gas emissions in the transportation industry. It focuses on increasing the biofuel consumption and its expansion in the Brazilian energy matrix, giving incentives to producers, and creating an open market of carbon-reduction credit [76]. Brazil uses sustainable agricultural practises when growing sugarcane for ethanol production. The sector has put in place safeguards to guarantee ethical land-use practises, such as refraining from deforestation and abiding by stringent environmental rules [77]. The industry is environmentally friendly since sustainable sugarcane production helps to conserve soil, sequester carbon, and protect biodiversity.

Brazil’s successful bioenergy sector has significantly influenced its energy landscape. The policies supporting bioenergy have facilitated the adoption of sugarcane-based ethanol and biomass power generation. This has led to a reduced reliance on fossil fuels for transportation and electricity generation. Nonetheless, the sector’s expansion has raised questions about land use competition and the potential impact on food security. Addressing these concerns through sustainable land management practices and stringent regulations is imperative to ensure that bioenergy’s benefits are not achieved at the expense of other vital sectors.

Despite Brazil’s successes in the bioenergy industry, obstacles still exist. In order to prevent competition with food production and maintain food security, expanding bioenergy production must take sustainable land-use practises into account [78]. Moreover, to reduce environmental consequences and maximise resource use, ethanol production and biomass power generation need to be more efficient. To address these issues, innovation and research are required.

4.4. Kenya: Harnessing Geothermal Resources for Power Generation

Kenya, which is situated in the East African Rift, has a sizable amount of geothermal energy potential. The nation is among the global leaders in the use of geothermal energy for the production of electricity [79]. Geothermal energy has grown to be an essential part of Kenya’s energy mix, enhancing energy security, lowering reliance on fossil fuels, and encouraging sustainable growth.

Since Kenya is situated in the Rift Valley, it has access to enormous geothermal reservoirs. The nation is among the top geothermal producers in the world with an estimated geothermal potential of over 10,000 megawatts (MW) [80]. Kenya is well-positioned to benefit from a clean, sustainable, and locally accessible energy source because of its abundance of geothermal resources. Kenya has committed a sizable amount of money to the construction of geothermal power facilities [81]. The country’s main geothermal power-producing facility is the Olkaria Geothermal Field, which is situated in the Rift Valley. Olkaria I, II, III, and IV are just a few of the geothermal power plants that are located there; combined, they produce a sizeable amount of Kenya’s electricity needs. Geothermal energy has improved energy security in Kenya by lowering the country’s dependency on imported fossil fuels [82]. Geothermal energy generation is dependable and predictable, complementing other intermittent renewable energy sources like solar and wind. The nation’s resistance to changes in the price of fuel internationally and disruptions in the supply of energy in the region has been strengthened by diversifying its energy mix. Geothermal energy is regarded as a clean and sustainable energy source since, in comparison to fossil fuels, it generates far fewer greenhouse emissions. Kenya has shown its commitment to lowering carbon emissions and lessening the effects of climate change by giving geothermal energy priority. Geothermal energy production is consistent with Kenya’s pledges to fight global warming and advance global climate goals. In Kenya, geothermal energy development has increased access to electricity in rural and distant locations [83]. The transfer of energy to previously neglected populations has been made possible by programmes like the Last Mile Connectivity Project, benefiting lives, healthcare, and education. In addition, geothermal projects have helped host regions build their local economies, create jobs, and invest in their infrastructure. Kenya’s geothermal success story has drawn interest and cooperation from around the world. Collaborations with groups like the World Bank, UN, and Global Geothermal Alliance have aided efforts to build capacity, secure fundings, and share information. Kenya’s geothermal growth has been boosted by this international cooperation, which has allowed Kenya to learn from the successes and best practises of other geothermal-producing nations.

Kenya’s strategic focus on geothermal power has transformed its energy sector positively. The policies promoting geothermal development have resulted in increased energy security, reduced dependence on imported fuels, and extended electricity access to rural communities. However, challenges persist in terms of financing, project risk management, and grid integration. The sector’s growth requires sustained investments and strategies to overcome financial barriers and optimize the integration of geothermal energy into the national grid. Despite these achievements, Kenya’s geothermal sector faces challenges in financing, exploration, and grid infrastructure [84]. Securing affordable and accessible financing, attracting private investments, and managing project risks are crucial for expanding geothermal capacity. Continued exploration and resource assessment are necessary to identify and develop new geothermal sites. Upgrading grid infrastructure and ensuring grid stability are essential to efficiently integrate geothermal power into the national grid, maximizing the benefits of this clean and sustainable energy source.

The case studies of Albania, Kenya, Brazil, and India show the advancements and successes in implementing sustainable energy policies in emerging nations. Through the rapid expansion of renewable energy generation, India has made noteworthy progress in balancing energy access and sustainability. Brazil’s flourishing bioenergy industry serves as an example of how plentiful natural resources can be used to diversify the energy mix and address environmental issues. The success of geothermal energy in Kenya, and hydropower in Albania, demonstrates how a nation may take advantage of specific geographic advantages to advance energy security, lower greenhouse gas emissions, and boost socioeconomic growth. In summary, the impact of sustainable energy policies in the case study countries has been a mix of successes and areas requiring improvement. While these policies have undoubtedly driven progress in energy sector development, challenges such as grid integration, environmental sustainability, and social considerations need to be continuously addressed. By learning from the outcomes of these policies and implementing targeted improvements, these nations can further optimize their energy sector development in alignment with their sustainable energy goals.

The global transition to a more sustainable and equitable energy future can be sped up by policymakers and stakeholders by learning from past experiences and working together on solutions.

5. Policy Recommendations for Overcoming Challenges and Promoting Opportunities

It is important to recognise the enormous progress these countries have achieved in embracing renewable energy options before delving into the policy recommendations for resolving issues and fostering potential in sustainable energy policies in developing countries. These nations have shown a dedication to a greener and more sustainable future by increasing their solar and wind power generation capabilities as well as utilising geothermal and bioenergy resources. Despite their successes, a number of issues still need to be resolved and the role of the decision maker is paramount. In what follows, specific policy recommendations that can support developing countries’ efforts to use sustainable energy and open the door to a more diverse and resilient energy landscape are provided:

• Enhance policy support for renewable energy. To promote a transition to a sustainable energy source, governments in emerging economies should boost policy support for renewable energy. For renewable energy projects, this entails creating transparent and reliable regulatory frameworks, providing financial incentives, and putting in place feed-in tariffs. Power purchase agreements and long-term contracts can encourage innovation, draw in private capital, and hasten the adoption of renewable energy technologies.
• Invest in grid infrastructure and energy storage. Countries must make investments in grid infrastructure and energy storage technology to accommodate the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources. Enhancing grid stability, enabling effective power transmission, and supporting a dependable electricity supply even during times of low renewable generation can be accomplished by adopting smart grid systems, upgrading existing infrastructures, and incorporating energy storage options.
• Boost public–private partnerships. Collaboration between the public and business sectors must be promoted if sustainable energy projects are to be funded and carried out. Governments should encourage public–private partnerships, offer assurances, and ensure open regulatory frameworks to create a climate that is conducive to private investments. Such partnerships help speed up the implementation of sustainable energy solutions by utilising the knowledge, assets, and technology of the private sector.
• Strengthening technology transfer and building capacity. Technology transfer and capacity-building programmes can help developing nations. Knowledge sharing, technology transfer, and talent development can all be facilitated by international partnerships and collaborations. Developing countries can hasten the adoption of sustainable energy technologies and practises by leveraging the knowledge and experiences of advanced renewable energy markets.
• Integrate renewable energy into national development plans. In order to match energy policies with more general socioeconomic goals, governments should incorporate sustainable energy targets into their national development plans. This requires establishing challenging goals for renewable energy, encouraging innovation, and integrating energy efficiency programmes across industries. The socioeconomic advantages of clean energy efforts can be maximised by using a consistent planning strategy for sustainable energy.
• Implement programmes for targeted energy access. Countries should create focused programmes to reach marginalised communities in order to reduce energy access discrepancies. To make energy services affordable and accessible for everyone, especially in distant and underserved regions, this includes implementing cutting-edge financing models, encouraging decentralised renewable energy projects, and deploying off-grid alternatives.
• Prioritize sustainable land use and environmental safeguards. It is crucial to strike a balance between producing bioenergy, protecting the environment, and issues related to food security. Governments must place a high priority on environmentally-sound land-use practises and implement them in bioenergy initiatives. To support the viability of bioenergy efforts, this includes preventing deforestation, ensuring ethical land use, and protecting biodiversity.
• Support for research and development. Enhancing the effectiveness and sustainability of renewable energy systems requires spending money on research and development. To promote technological developments, cost savings, and performance enhancements in renewable energy systems, governments should grant funds for research institutions and innovation hubs.
• Encourage behavioural change and public awareness. Promoting energy efficiency and sustainable energy practises requires the extensive use of public awareness campaigns and educational initiatives. Governments should encourage behavioural change and the adoption of energy-efficient technologies as part of the transition to sustainable energy, involving communities, enterprises, and individuals.
• Create platforms for international and regional collaboration. Platforms for regional and global collaboration that encourage knowledge exchange, best practises, and collaborative initiatives might be useful to developing nations. Gaining knowledge from successful sustainable energy projects in other nations and participating in South–South cooperation can help our joint efforts to meet sustainable energy goals.

These suggestions for policies can help developing countries overcome obstacles, seize chances, and quicken the switch to sustainable energy sources. In addition to promoting environmental sustainability, a well-coordinated and comprehensive strategy will boost global community wellbeing, economic growth, and access to energy.

6. Policy Implications and Collaboration among Countries

6.1. Social and Environmental Implications of Sustainable Energy Policies

While the goal of sustainable energy policies in developing countries is to support socioeconomic growth and environmental protection, these policies also have significant social and environmental consequences that should be carefully considered. The potential effects of these policies on communities, ecosystems, and vulnerable populations are manifold. Access to energy for all individuals, particularly those residing in distant and disadvantaged areas, should be prioritised in sustainable energy policies. Making sure that the benefits of renewable energy projects are distributed fairly is essential to preventing the escalation of energy poverty and the expansion of socio-economic gaps. Jobs in the renewable energy industry could become available as a result of the switch to sustainable energy sources. However, it can also result in job losses in the fossil fuel sector. Policymakers must address the social effects of labour change and must also put retraining and support for impacted communities into action. It is crucial to involve local populations in decision-making procedures involving sustainable energy initiatives. It is possible to promote social acceptance, lessen tensions, and make sure that projects are in line with community needs and values by using effective consultation, open communication, and benefit-sharing systems. The relocation or violation of indigenous people’s rights, land tenure, and cultural heritage should not be permitted under sustainable energy policies, which should support human rights standards. To achieve sustainable and moral energy development, it is essential to respect the rights of impacted communities. Increased land-use for renewable energy infrastructure could have an adverse effect on ecosystems and biodiversity. To reduce negative environmental effects, policymakers should give preference to choosing degraded or biologically unsensitive regions for energy projects. Water is necessary for some renewable energy methods, including hydropower and biofuels. To reduce possible competition for water resources and prevent negative effects on local water availability and ecosystems, careful water management is required. Waste disposal issues exist with several renewable energy technologies, such as solar panels and wind turbine blades. The sustainability of these technologies and the reduction of their negative environmental effects depend on the implementation of efficient waste management and recycling systems. Even though the goal of sustainable energy legislation is to lower carbon emissions, there might be unforeseen effects like habitat loss and wildlife disturbance. To make sure that the growth of renewable energy is in line with conservation objectives, it is crucial to evaluate and mitigate environmental repercussions.

In developing their sustainable energy policies, nations must strike a balance between social, environmental, and economic goals. Making well-informed decisions that address potential trade-offs and maximise overall benefits can be aided by including thorough environmental impact assessments, social impact assessments, and sustainability criteria into the policy-making process. In conclusion, sustainable energy policies can result in favourable social and environmental outcomes in developing nations, but they also pose potential hazards and difficulties. In addition to the environmental effects on land usage, water resources, and biodiversity, policymakers also need to consider the social implications of energy availability, employment, and community involvement. These nations can traverse the complicated world of sustainable energy development and pave the way for a more just, equitable, and environmentally responsible energy future by taking a comprehensive and inclusive strategy.

6.2. Cross-Country Collaboration and Knowledge Exchange

Cross-country collaboration and knowledge sharing are essential for advancing efforts and resolving common problems in the pursuit of sustainable energy goals. Developing nations can benefit from international collaborations and partnerships to better understand sustainable energy technologies, regulations, and best practises. In the framework of sustainable energy policies, there are several advantages and opportunities that result from international cooperation and knowledge sharing.

Collaboration between developing nations enables the exchange of best practises and lessons discovered when putting sustainable energy policies into practise. The development of specialised solutions that are appropriate for the particular needs of each nation can be sparked and informed by the exchange of knowledge on effective initiatives, policy frameworks, and cutting-edge methodologies. Through initiatives for capacity building and knowledge transfer, developed countries with cutting-edge renewable energy technologies can aid poor ones. Developed nations can help their developing counterparts become more technically capable by exchanging knowledge, offering training courses, and allowing access to cutting-edge technologies. This can hasten the adoption of sustainable energy solutions. International financial support and private investment can be attracted for sustainable energy projects through cross-border cooperation. Projects that show teamwork and regional cooperation may be more likely to receive funding from international organisations, financial institutions, and donors because they may have a greater chance of success and effect. Collaboration and knowledge exchange can promote policy harmonisation and alignment among developing nations. Nations can strive towards a unified approach to sustainable energy development, furthering shared regional and global objectives, through learning from each other’s policy triumphs and obstacles. By establishing links, pooling energy resources, and jointly solving energy security issues, cooperation between neighbouring nations can improve regional energy resilience. Cooperation between regional energy grids can support more efficient energy use across borders and offer backup power during emergencies. Through cooperative efforts, transboundary environmental effects of energy projects, such as air and water pollution, can be addressed. Developing nations can work together to establish environmental standards as well as cooperatively monitor and control the environmental effects of energy development. A potent tool for promoting the development of sustainable energy is south–south cooperation, where developing nations assist one another through information sharing and technology transfer. This strategy fortifies the ties between developing countries and gives them the authority to take the lead on their energy transitions. The United Nations and regional development banks are two examples of international organisations that developing nations might work with. These groups can help people work together, offer technical support, and direct financing towards renewable energy initiatives. Innovative developments in sustainable energy technology can result from cooperative research and innovation projects. Developing nations may jointly confront complicated energy concerns and progress sustainable energy solutions by combining their resources and skills. For example, developing countries like India face challenges in advancing offshore wind energy due to policy constraints and technology gaps. Developed countries possess well-structured policies, advanced technology, established supply chains, and financial mechanisms that enable successful offshore wind projects. India’s struggles arise from inconsistent policies, limited technical expertise, inadequate infrastructure, and financing difficulties. To support growth in developing countries, collaboration models can be established. Technical assistance, capacity building, and knowledge sharing can enhance project development expertise. Policy guidance, investment support, and financial partnerships can aid in overcoming funding obstacles. Public–private partnerships and multilateral organizations can facilitate joint ventures and resource-sharing. Ultimately, collaboration with developed nations can accelerate offshore wind energy deployment in developing countries by transferring valuable insights and expertise.

In conclusion, international cooperation and information sharing provide developing nations significant chances to hasten the transition to sustainable energy. These nations may use their combined capabilities to overcome obstacles, promote regional energy resilience, and advance their common goal of a sustainable and low-carbon energy future by exchanging best practises, technology, and knowledge. By embracing cooperation, poor countries will be able to increase their influence, quicken their growth, and collectively contribute to efforts being made worldwide to battle climate change and achieve sustainable development goals.

7. Conclusions

In developing countries, the path towards sustainable energy policies has been distinguished by laudable advancements, notable successes, and common obstacles. These countries have embraced renewable energy sources, diversified their energy supplies, and built the foundation for a more sustainable and inclusive energy future through innovative initiatives and unwavering dedication.

The case studies of Albania, India, Brazil, and Kenya have demonstrated the transformative potential of sustainable energy policies. Brazil’s successful bioenergy industry is an example of how rich natural resources may be used effectively, while India’s impressive increase in their renewable energy capacity shows the possibility for large-scale transformation. The development of geothermal energy in Kenya shows how important it is to take use of certain geographic advantages, as for the case of Albania. But despite these successes, problems still exist. Continuous attention and innovative approaches are needed to address the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources, the requirement for grid infrastructure upgrades, and the budgetary limits of sustainable energy initiatives. To achieve a just and equitable transition, it is also important to consider social and environmental factors, such as community involvement, energy availability, and environmental protections. Cross-border cooperation and knowledge sharing are essential for supporting societal advancement in the pursuit of sustainable energy goals. The collective power of developing nations can be used to speed the transition to sustainable energy sources through best practise sharing, technological transfer, and policy alignment. Their capacity to bring about transformational change is further increased through participating in South–South cooperation and working with international organisations.

Policymakers must give the integration of social, environmental, and economic goals top priority as these nations move forward on their path to sustainable energy. They may maximise the advantages of renewable energy while addressing any trade-offs, assuring a sustainable and moral energy future, and doing so by adopting comprehensive and inclusive approaches.

The pursuit of sustainable energy policies in developing nations is not without difficulties, but the dedication and perseverance exhibited so far give hope for a more eco-friendly, resilient, and inclusive energy landscape. Developing nations will be at the vanguard of the global transition to a low-carbon and sustainable energy future if they embrace collaboration, learn from their triumphs and failures, and place a high priority on sustainable development goals. They can work together to make a significant difference in preserving the planet’s health for future generations.