A Versatile Model for Estimating the Fuel Consumption of a Wide Range of Transport Modes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. On-Road Transport Modes
2.2. Non-Road Transport Modes
3. Methodology
- Aerodynamic friction;
- Rolling friction;
- Energy dissipated by braking.
- Traction mode—the engine is doing the work of moving the vehicle;
- Braking mode—the brakes are dissipating energy to slow down the vehicle;
- Coasting mode—the vehicle is moving under its own stored mechanical energy.
4. Data Preparation and Validation
4.1. On-Road Transport Modes
4.1.1. Standard Driving Cycles
4.1.2. Light-Duty Vehicles
4.1.3. Buses
4.1.4. Validation
4.2. Non-Road Transport Modes
4.2.1. Airplanes
4.2.2. Unmanned Aviation
4.2.3. Trains
4.2.4. Ships
4.3. Occupancy and Loading Rates
5. Results and Discussion
5.1. Parameter Variation
5.2. Modal Analysis
5.2.1. Passenger Modes
5.2.2. Freight Modes
5.3. Drivetrain Analysis
5.4. Electric Share
5.5. Effects of the Driving Environment
5.5.1. Trucks for Different Purposes
5.5.2. Effects of Ambient Temperature on Buses
5.6. Change in Occupancy through 2050
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mode | EC Classification | (m2) | (-) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | |||
Small Car | A and B | 2.16 | 0.309 | 0.286 | 0.245 | 0.239 |
Medium Car | C | 2.25 | 0.271 | 0.251 | 0.215 | 0.210 |
Large Car | D | 2.21 | 0.262 | 0.242 | 0.208 | 0.203 |
SUV | J | 2.45 | 0.327 | 0.302 | 0.259 | 0.253 |
LCV | M | 3.17 | 0.349 | 0.322 | 0.276 | 0.270 |
Drivetrain | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | Sources |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ICEV-g | 0.26 | 0.31 | 0.34 | 0.36 | [44,46,47] |
ICEV-d | 0.27 | 0.36 | 0.39 | 0.40 | [44,46,47] |
HEV-g | 0.30 | 0.35 | 0.38 | 0.40 | [44,45,46,47] |
HEV-d | 0.31 | 0.40 | 0.43 | 0.44 | [44,45,46,47] |
PHEV-g | 0.30 | 0.35 | 0.38 | 0.40 | [44,45,46,47] |
PHEV-d | 0.31 | 0.40 | 0.43 | 0.44 | [44,45,46,47] |
PHEV-fc | 0.47 | 0.52 | 0.56 | 0.59 | [44,46,48,49,50] |
REEV-g | 0.30 | 0.35 | 0.38 | 0.40 | [44,45,46,47] |
REEV-d | 0.31 | 0.40 | 0.43 | 0.44 | [44,45,46,47] |
REEV-fc | 0.47 | 0.52 | 0.56 | 0.59 | [44,46,48,49,50] |
BEV | 0.75 | 0.81 | 0.85 | 0.87 | [44,46,48,49,50] |
FCEV | 0.47 | 0.52 | 0.56 | 0.59 | [44,46,48,49,50] |
ICEV-cng | 0.26 | 0.31 | 0.34 | 0.36 | [44,46,47] |
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Khan Ankur, A.; Kraus, S.; Grube, T.; Castro, R.; Stolten, D. A Versatile Model for Estimating the Fuel Consumption of a Wide Range of Transport Modes. Energies 2022, 15, 2232. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15062232
Khan Ankur A, Kraus S, Grube T, Castro R, Stolten D. A Versatile Model for Estimating the Fuel Consumption of a Wide Range of Transport Modes. Energies. 2022; 15(6):2232. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15062232
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhan Ankur, Atiquzzaman, Stefan Kraus, Thomas Grube, Rui Castro, and Detlef Stolten. 2022. "A Versatile Model for Estimating the Fuel Consumption of a Wide Range of Transport Modes" Energies 15, no. 6: 2232. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15062232