The Impact of Energy Development of the European Union Euro Area Countries on CO2 Emissions Level
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Data and Methodology
- —indicator i reflecting changes in CO2 productivity over the reference period T;
- —j country, k—economic sector energy development (renewable energy supply) during time T.
- —j country, k—economic sector energy development during analyzed time T period;
- —j country, k—economic sector energy development, i—indicator at the end of analyzed time period;
- —j country, k—economic sector energy development, i—indicator at the beginning of the analyzed time period;
- —j country, k—economic sector CO2 productivity during analyzed time T period;
- —j country, k—economic sector CO2 productivity, i—indicator at the end of analyzed time period;
- —j country, k—economic sector CO2 productivity, i—indicator at the beginning of analyzed time.
- —j country, k—economic sector energy development during analyzed time T period, i—indicator transformed value, when situation improved;
- —j country, k—economic sector energy development during analyzed time T period, i—indicator transformed value, when values decreased.
- —j country, k—economic sector CO2 productivity during analyzed time T period, i—indicator transformed value, when situation improved.
- —j country, k—economic sector CO2 productivity during analyzed time T period, i—indicator transformed value, when situation worsened.
4. Empirical Results and Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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---|---|---|---|
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No. | Indicator description |
---|---|
1 | Energy consumption in industry, % total energy consumption |
2 | Energy consumption in agriculture, % total energy consumption |
3 | Energy consumption in transport, % total energy consumption |
4 | Energy consumption in services, % total energy consumption |
5 | Energy consumption in other sectors, % total energy consumption |
6 | Energy intensity, TPES per capita |
7 | Renewable energy supply (excluding solid biofuels), % total energy supply |
Indicator Name | Indicator Description | |
---|---|---|
1 | Production-based CO2 productivity, GDP per unit of energy-related CO2 emissions | Indicator is calculated as real GDP generated per unit of CO2 emitted (USD/kg). Included are CO2 emissions from combustion of coal, oil, natural gas and other fuels. |
2 | Production-based CO2 emissions, Index | Production-based CO2 emissions are also expressed as an index with values in 2000 normalized to equal 100. |
3 | Production-based CO2 emissions | Production-based CO2 emissions are expressed in million metric tons. |
4 | Demand-based CO2 emissions | Indicator is measured in million metric tons. Demand-based emissions reflect the CO2 from energy use emitted during the various stages of production of goods and services consumed in domestic final demand, irrespective of where the stages of production occurred. |
Energy Development Indicators for Economic Sectors | CO2 Productivity Indicators | ||
---|---|---|---|
Energy consumption in industry, % total energy consumption | X1 | Production-based CO2 productivity, GDP per unit of energy-related CO2 emissions | Y1 |
Energy consumption in agriculture, % total energy consumption | X2 | Production-based CO2 emissions, Index, 2000 = 100 | Y2 |
Energy consumption in transport, % total energy consumption | X3 | Production-based CO2 emissions | Y3 |
Energy consumption in services, % total energy consumption | X4 | Demand-based CO2 emissions | Y4 |
Energy consumption in other sectors, % total energy consumption | X5 |
Country | Values of the Indicators | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Economic Sectors (See Table 4) | CO2 Productivity (See Table 4) | ||||||||
X1 | X2 | X3 | X4 | X5 | Y1 | Y2 | Y3 | Y4 | |
Belgium | 0.68 | 1.08 | 1.37 | 1.06 | 0.96 | 1.14 | 1.15 | 0.09 | 0.19 |
Slovakia | 0.41 | 1.00 | 0.45 | 2.00 | 1.18 | 1.50 | 1.08 | 0.02 | 0.19 |
Slovenia | 0.50 | 1.04 | 0.41 | 1.23 | 1.79 | 1.20 | 1.32 | 0.02 | 0.03 |
Portugal | 0.83 | 0.80 | 0.65 | 0.83 | 1.56 | 1.20 | 1.31 | 0.09 | 0.18 |
Germany | 0.52 | 0.63 | 0.75 | 1.40 | 1.36 | 1.14 | 1.09 | 0.36 | 0.05 |
Estonia | 1.87 | 0.73 | 0.53 | 0.79 | 1.32 | 1.08 | 0.82 | −0.02 | −0.02 |
Ireland | 0.39 | 1.17 | 1.20 | 1.11 | 1.40 | 1.68 | 1.33 | 0.07 | 0.12 |
Greece | 0.83 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 0.83 | 0.68 | 1.08 | 2.00 | 0.43 | 0.51 |
Spain | 0.86 | 0.80 | 1.17 | 0.74 | 1.36 | 1.20 | 1.30 | 0.41 | 0.72 |
France | 0.73 | 1.00 | 0.60 | 0.91 | 1.49 | 1.24 | 1.22 | 0.49 | 0.61 |
Finland | 0.43 | 1.17 | 1.30 | 1.05 | 1.27 | 1.19 | 1.57 | 0.15 | 0.09 |
Italy | 1.53 | 0.92 | 1.00 | 0.83 | 0.96 | 1.19 | 1.49 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Cyprus | 1.13 | 0.83 | 1.03 | 0.78 | 1.22 | 1.14 | 1.58 | 0.02 | 0.34 |
Latvia | 0.35 | 0.62 | 0.75 | 1.00 | 2.00 | 1.20 | 1.00 | 0 | 1.00 |
Lithuania | 0.91 | 1.17 | 0.42 | 1.21 | 1.38 | 1.30 | 1.08 | 0.005 | 0.005 |
Luxembourg | 1.50 | 1.08 | 1.07 | 0.72 | 1.08 | 1.30 | 1.44 | 0.02 | 0.007 |
Malta | 2.00 | 0.96 | 1.17 | 0.58 | 1.09 | 2.00 | 1.21 | 0.01 | 0.09 |
Austria | 0.77 | 1.00 | 0.56 | 1.19 | 1.22 | 1.14 | 1.06 | 0.02 | 0.04 |
Netherlands | 0.64 | 0.89 | 1.17 | 1.08 | 1.14 | 1.00 | 1.17 | 0.14 | 0.28 |
Regression Equation | Correlation Coefficient | Rank |
---|---|---|
Y1 = −22.23 + 1.24X1 | 0.70 | 3 |
Y1 = −20.81 + 10.81X2 | 0.71 | 4 |
Y1 = −33.99 + 1.27X3 | 0.81 | 5 |
Y1 = −16.68 + 1.75X4 | 0.63 | 2 |
Y1 = 35.42 − 0.97X5 | −0.98 | 1 |
Y2 = 0.97 + 0.30X1 | 0.73 | 2 |
Y2 = 0.83 + 0.44X2 | 0.55 | 3 |
Y2 = 0.74 + 0.54X3 | 0.85 | 1 |
Y2 = 1.33 − 0.05X4 | −0.05 | 5 |
Y2 = 0.74 + 31X5 | 0.45 | 4 |
Y3 = −0.28 + 0.82X1 | 0.55 | 3 |
Y3 = −0.23 + 0.29X2 | 0.82 | 5 |
Y3 = −0.11 + 0.19X3 | 0.79 | 4 |
Y3 = 0.004 + 0.06X4 | 0.24 | 1 |
Y3 = −0.42 + 0.43X5 | 0.44 | 2 |
Y4 = −0.26 + 0.66X1 | 0.80 | 5 |
Y4 = −0.12 + 0.20X2 | 0.24 | 2 |
Y4 = −0.10 + 0.25X3 | 0.75 | 4 |
Y4 = 0.85 − 0.54X4 | −0.57 | 1 |
Y4 = −0.26 + 0.35X5 | 0.25 | 3 |
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Nazarko, Ł.; Žemaitis, E.; Wróblewski, Ł.K.; Šuhajda, K.; Zajączkowska, M. The Impact of Energy Development of the European Union Euro Area Countries on CO2 Emissions Level. Energies 2022, 15, 1425. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15041425
Nazarko Ł, Žemaitis E, Wróblewski ŁK, Šuhajda K, Zajączkowska M. The Impact of Energy Development of the European Union Euro Area Countries on CO2 Emissions Level. Energies. 2022; 15(4):1425. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15041425
Chicago/Turabian StyleNazarko, Łukasz, Eigirdas Žemaitis, Łukasz Krzysztof Wróblewski, Karel Šuhajda, and Magdalena Zajączkowska. 2022. "The Impact of Energy Development of the European Union Euro Area Countries on CO2 Emissions Level" Energies 15, no. 4: 1425. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15041425