Figure 1.
Classification of LFSM.
Figure 1.
Classification of LFSM.
Figure 2.
Proposed model (a) LHEFSM, (b) DSLHEFSM, and (c) DMLHEFSM.
Figure 2.
Proposed model (a) LHEFSM, (b) DSLHEFSM, and (c) DMLHEFSM.
Figure 3.
Flow chart of no-load and load analysis.
Figure 3.
Flow chart of no-load and load analysis.
Figure 4.
Design variables of proposed designs (a) LHEFSM, (b) DSLHEFSM, and (c) DMLHEFSM.
Figure 4.
Design variables of proposed designs (a) LHEFSM, (b) DSLHEFSM, and (c) DMLHEFSM.
Figure 5.
Operating principle (a) Only PM flux (b) PM + FE flux.
Figure 5.
Operating principle (a) Only PM flux (b) PM + FE flux.
Figure 6.
Optimization flowchart.
Figure 6.
Optimization flowchart.
Figure 7.
Optimization results of LHEFSM (a) split ratio (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) .
Figure 7.
Optimization results of LHEFSM (a) split ratio (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) .
Figure 8.
Optimization results of DSLHEFSM (a) split ratio (b) (c) stator width ratio (d) stator height ratio (e) armature current angle (f) stator pole position.
Figure 8.
Optimization results of DSLHEFSM (a) split ratio (b) (c) stator width ratio (d) stator height ratio (e) armature current angle (f) stator pole position.
Figure 9.
Optimization results of DMLHEFSM (a) split ratio (b) (c) stator width ratio (d) stator height ratio.
Figure 9.
Optimization results of DMLHEFSM (a) split ratio (b) (c) stator width ratio (d) stator height ratio.
Figure 10.
Flux line distribution of the LHEFSM: (a) no-load and (b) Loaded.
Figure 10.
Flux line distribution of the LHEFSM: (a) no-load and (b) Loaded.
Figure 11.
Flux line distribution of the DSLHEFSM: (a) No-load and (b) loaded.
Figure 11.
Flux line distribution of the DSLHEFSM: (a) No-load and (b) loaded.
Figure 12.
Flux line distribution of DMLHEFSM: (a) No-load and (b) loaded.
Figure 12.
Flux line distribution of DMLHEFSM: (a) No-load and (b) loaded.
Figure 13.
(a) Flux linkage of LHEFSM (b) harmonic order.
Figure 13.
(a) Flux linkage of LHEFSM (b) harmonic order.
Figure 14.
(a) Flux linkage of DSLHEFSM (b) harmonic order.
Figure 14.
(a) Flux linkage of DSLHEFSM (b) harmonic order.
Figure 15.
(a) Flux linkage of DMLHEFSM (b) harmonic order..
Figure 15.
(a) Flux linkage of DMLHEFSM (b) harmonic order..
Figure 16.
Back EMF (a) LHEFSM, (b) DSLHEFSM, and (c) DMLHEFSM.
Figure 16.
Back EMF (a) LHEFSM, (b) DSLHEFSM, and (c) DMLHEFSM.
Figure 17.
Flux regulation of LHEFSM.
Figure 17.
Flux regulation of LHEFSM.
Figure 18.
Flux regulation of LHEFSM with D.C. current density along thrust force.
Figure 18.
Flux regulation of LHEFSM with D.C. current density along thrust force.
Figure 19.
Flux regulation of DSLHEFSM.
Figure 19.
Flux regulation of DSLHEFSM.
Figure 20.
Thrust force characteristics of LHEFSM and conventional design.
Figure 20.
Thrust force characteristics of LHEFSM and conventional design.
Figure 21.
Thrust force of DSLHEFSM, DMLHEFSM, and conventional design.
Figure 21.
Thrust force of DSLHEFSM, DMLHEFSM, and conventional design.
Figure 22.
Average thrust force along current density of LHEFSM.
Figure 22.
Average thrust force along current density of LHEFSM.
Figure 23.
Average thrust force along armature current density of DSLHEFSM and DMLHEFSM.
Figure 23.
Average thrust force along armature current density of DSLHEFSM and DMLHEFSM.
Figure 24.
Detent force of LHEFSM and single-sided conventional design.
Figure 24.
Detent force of LHEFSM and single-sided conventional design.
Figure 25.
Detent force characteristics of DSLHEFSM, DMLHEFSM, and conventional design.
Figure 25.
Detent force characteristics of DSLHEFSM, DMLHEFSM, and conventional design.
Figure 26.
Normal force of DSLHEFSM.
Figure 26.
Normal force of DSLHEFSM.
Figure 27.
Normal force of DMLHEFSM.
Figure 27.
Normal force of DMLHEFSM.
Figure 28.
Comparison of 2D and 3D flux linkage, proposed LHEFSM.
Figure 28.
Comparison of 2D and 3D flux linkage, proposed LHEFSM.
Figure 29.
Comparison of 2D and 3D FE flux linkages, proposed DSLHEFSM.
Figure 29.
Comparison of 2D and 3D FE flux linkages, proposed DSLHEFSM.
Figure 30.
Comparison of 2D and 3D FE flux linkages, proposed DMLHEFSM.
Figure 30.
Comparison of 2D and 3D FE flux linkages, proposed DMLHEFSM.
Figure 31.
Comparison of 2D and 3D thrust force, proposed LHEFSM.
Figure 31.
Comparison of 2D and 3D thrust force, proposed LHEFSM.
Figure 32.
Comparison of 2D and 3D average thrust force, proposed DSLHEFSM.
Figure 32.
Comparison of 2D and 3D average thrust force, proposed DSLHEFSM.
Figure 33.
Comparison of 2D and 3D average thrust force, proposed DMLHEFSM.
Figure 33.
Comparison of 2D and 3D average thrust force, proposed DMLHEFSM.
Figure 34.
Comparison of 2D and 3D normal force, proposed DSLHEFSM.
Figure 34.
Comparison of 2D and 3D normal force, proposed DSLHEFSM.
Figure 35.
Comparison of 2D and 3D normal force, proposed DMLHEFSM.
Figure 35.
Comparison of 2D and 3D normal force, proposed DMLHEFSM.
Figure 36.
Magnetic flux density of LHEFSM.
Figure 36.
Magnetic flux density of LHEFSM.
Figure 37.
Magnetic flux density of DSLHEFSM.
Figure 37.
Magnetic flux density of DSLHEFSM.
Figure 38.
Magnetic flux density of DMLHEFSM.
Figure 38.
Magnetic flux density of DMLHEFSM.
Figure 39.
Characteristics of LHEFSM: (a) force velocity and (b) power velocity.
Figure 39.
Characteristics of LHEFSM: (a) force velocity and (b) power velocity.
Figure 40.
Force/power velocity characteristics of DSLHEFSM.
Figure 40.
Force/power velocity characteristics of DSLHEFSM.
Figure 41.
Force/power velocity characteristics of DMLHEFSM.
Figure 41.
Force/power velocity characteristics of DMLHEFSM.
Figure 42.
Efficiency at 12 points, LHEFSM.
Figure 42.
Efficiency at 12 points, LHEFSM.
Figure 43.
Copper and iron losses at 19 different points, proposed DSLHEFSM.
Figure 43.
Copper and iron losses at 19 different points, proposed DSLHEFSM.
Figure 44.
Efficiency graph at 19 different points, proposed DSLHEFSM.
Figure 44.
Efficiency graph at 19 different points, proposed DSLHEFSM.
Figure 45.
Efficiency graph at 14 different points, proposed DMLHEFSM.
Figure 45.
Efficiency graph at 14 different points, proposed DMLHEFSM.
Figure 46.
Thermal analysis of DMLHEFSM.
Figure 46.
Thermal analysis of DMLHEFSM.
Table 1.
Parameters of the proposed designs.
Table 1.
Parameters of the proposed designs.
Symbol | Parameter (Unit) | LHEFSM | DSLHEFSM | DMLHEFSM |
---|
| Mover pole pitch (mm) | 21.832 | 21.832 | 21.832 |
| Stator pole pitch (mm) | 26.19 | 26.19 | 26.19 |
| Mover height (mm) | 44.3 | 82 | 88.4 |
| AC slot height (mm) | 28.95 | 32.60 | 32.60 |
| DC upper slot height (mm) | 10.42 | 12.55 | 12.55 |
| DC lower slot height (mm) | 9.264 | 9.264 | 9.264 |
| Magnet height (mm) | 15.169 | 15.169 | 15.169 |
| Stator teeth width (mm) | 10.47 | 7.85 | 7.85 |
| Mover yoke height (mm) | 7 | 8 | 7.23 |
g | Air gap | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 |
L | Stack length (mm) | 90 | 90 | 90 |
| Mover length (mm) | 131 | 131 | 131 |
| Stator height (mm) | 11.58 | 12.50 | 18.55 |
v | Rated speed m/s | 4 | 4 | 4 |
| Upper DC coil turns | 45 | 45 | 45 |
| Lower DC coil turns | 24 | 24 | 24 |
| AC coil turns | 136 | 136 | 136 |
| Whole machine height (mm) | 54.3 | 108.6 | 108.6 |
Table 2.
Initial values and ranges of optimization coefficients.
Table 2.
Initial values and ranges of optimization coefficients.
Sq. No. | Coefficients | Initial Value | Ranges |
---|
1 | | 0.2279 | [0.18–0.28] |
2 | | 0.0897 | [0.11–0.29] |
3 | | 0.3366 | [0.21–0.45] |
4 | | 0.4987 | [0.26–0.40] |
5 | | 0.5 | [0.25–0.65] |
6 | | 0.5 | [0.30–0.65] |
Table 3.
Comparison of initial and optimized model.
Table 3.
Comparison of initial and optimized model.
Key Performance Indicator | Initial Values | Optimized Values |
---|
| 0.368 | 0.695 |
| 8.35 | 2.76 |
| 150.7 | 175.93 |
| 12.9 | 20.69 |
Table 4.
Initial values and ranges of optimization coefficients of DSLHEFSM.
Table 4.
Initial values and ranges of optimization coefficients of DSLHEFSM.
Sq. No. | Coefficients | Initial Value | Ranges |
---|
1 | | 0.25 | [0.15–0.30] |
2 | | 0.07 | [0.07–0.28] |
3 | | 0.3 | [0.128–0.681] |
4 | | 0.5 | [0.061–0.48] |
Table 5.
Comparison of initial and optimized model of DSLHEFSM.
Table 5.
Comparison of initial and optimized model of DSLHEFSM.
Key Performance Indicator | Initial Design | Optimized Design |
---|
| 1.36 | 1.37 |
| 8.04 | 12.3 |
| 354 | 372 |
| 0.90 | 1.22 |
| 25.2 | 28.2 |
(%) | 3.44 | 3.94 |
| 405.87 | 426.5 |
Table 6.
Initial values and ranges of optimization coefficients of DMLHEFSM.
Table 6.
Initial values and ranges of optimization coefficients of DMLHEFSM.
Sq. No. | Coefficients | Initial Value | Ranges |
---|
1 | | 0.25 | [0.185–0.30] |
2 | | 0.07 | [0.07–0.10] |
3 | | 0.31 | [0.10–0.65] |
4 | | 0.75 | [0.32–1.0] |
Table 7.
Initial and optimized performance index.
Table 7.
Initial and optimized performance index.
Key Performance Indicator (Unit) | Initial Design | Optimized Design |
---|
| 1.33 | 1.37 |
| 6.89 | 6.54 |
| 353 | 370 |
| 0.59 | 0.18 |
| 21.7 | 26.1 |
| 2.16 | 2.19 |
Table 8.
Comparison of proposed and conventional designs.
Table 8.
Comparison of proposed and conventional designs.
Parameter | LHEFSM | [29] | DSLHEFSM | DMLHEFSM | [30] |
---|
Mover Length | 131 mm | 131 mm |
Stack Length | 90 mm | 90 mm |
Air gap | 0.8 mm | 0.8 mm |
Field Density | 8 A/mm |
PM Volume | 44.32 cm | 55.4 cm | 88.64 cm | 110.8 cm |
Thrust Force | 175.93 N | 152.53 N | 372 N | 370 N | 312.8 N |